Effect of Injection Parameters: Injection Timing and Injection Pressure on the Performance of Diesel Engine Fueled with Palm Oil Methyl Ester

This experimental study paper investigation mainly focused on CI engine performance with using the palm oil methyl ester (POME). The injection timing (IT) varied from 19° btdc, 23° btdc, 27° btdc and 31° btdc with increment step of 4° CA and similarly, injection opening pressure were varied from 210 bar, 220bar, 230 bar, 240 bar and 250 bar with increment order of 10 bar in the existed diesel engine. The final results were reported for optimized parameters of diesel engine with engine speed 1500 rpm and CR 17.5. The experimental results of diesel engine performance improved in terms of brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and substantial reduction of harmful emissions at both optimized engine parameters of 27°BTDC and 240 bar, when engine has powered with Palm oil methyl ester (POME) as a alternative fuel.


INTRODUCTION
The many researchers have worked on the biodiesel fuels in diesel engine and they were reported that, there were many methods and several research works has been carried out on conventional diesel engine (Murugesan et al., 2009;Atadashi et al., 2010;Banapurmath et al., 2009). The decaying fossil fuels are not meeting all the standards of euro norms in diesel engine throughout the world wide. The engine is emitting very harmful pollutants to the environment. The exhausted these harmful pollutants affect on the human health and living beings. Hence the stringent decision has taken towards usage of alternative fuels in diesel engine (Naik et al., 2010). The application of diesel engine is more due to higher efficiency and more power output. But in contrast, the diesel engine has emitted the more harmful pollutants like NOx, CO, HC etc. The consideration of all the emission issues of diesel engine tends to control emissions by external agencies. The external agencies are framed the emissions norms to reduce the emissions from diesel engine (Mani et al., 2011). Now days pollution increases day by day, hence research activities has taken very hard decision to control the pollutants from diesel engine. Hence, research works were carried with different varieties fuel combination along with injection parameters (Atmanli et al., 2014;Gautam and Agarwal, 2013). Transesterification process is most common method to reduce the viscosity of biodiesel. The transesterified biodiesel fuel is one suitable for I.C engine application to reduce the emission from engine. Hence many countries currently using the edible and non edible oils such as palm, soybean, cotton seed, Jatropha curcas, pongamia pinnata and linseed biodiesel fuels. The usage of these fuels in existed diesel engine ensured higher efficiency, by the comparison, efficiency of mineral diesel fuel showed higher efficiency as compared with biodiesel thevetia peruviana seed oil gave the higher BTE and reduced CO, HC and smoke emissions significantly at optimum injection parameters like 27° BTDC and 225 bar IOP (Balusamy and Marappan, 2010). The diesel engine powered with different sources of biodiesel like cottonseed oil methyl ester (COME), honne oil methyl ester (HnOME) and honge oil methyl ester (HOME). The improved BTE and reduced HC, CO and smoke level emissions were observed in the diesel engine at optimized injection parameters such as 19° BTDC, 230 bar IOP and 4 holes of nozzle injector with 0.3 mm diameter (Wategave et al., 2014). The diesel engine powered with B40 blend biodiesel results in higher BTE than diesel with respect to combinations of CR 18, IOP 240 bar and advanced IT 26° BTDC (Kumar et al., 2016). The diesel engine powered with hone oil methyl ester has given higher BTE is less than that of neat diesel fuel, mean while reduced emissions (smoke opacity (SO), CO, HC and NOx) was observed at advanced IT from 27 to 28 CA bTDC (Belagur and Chitimini, 2012). The diesel engine powered with blend of calophyllum inophyllum methyl ester has given higher thermal efficiency and SFC for 3 and 4 holes injectors at 250 bar IOP, at the same time substantial reduction of harmful pollutants levels for 5 holes nozzle operated 250 bar IOP (Vairamuthu et al., 2016). The drop size of biodiesel fuel can decreased on an average of 60 percentage, when 240 bar injection pressure maintained in the diesel engine operated BDF (Palani et al., 2015). The overall performance of diesel engine has been improved at optimized parameters such as retarded 19° btdc, increased IOP of 230 bar and 4 holes nozzle injector, when engine powered with HOME as a BDF (Tumbal et al., 2016). The diesel engine powered with B20 blend of Mahua methyl ester has showed higher BTE and reduced emissions at injection pressure of 275 bar and IT of 21° BTDC (Mohan et al., 2014).
From the above exhaustive literature survey came to know that, the injection pressure and ITs are varies in biodiesel operated diesel engine due to presence of higher viscosity, low vaporizing and spray characteristics of biodiesel fuels. The spray area increases with increase in the injection pressure of biodiesel fuels. The higher injection pressure and suitable IT leads to break the heavier droplet size of biodiesel fuels, since improve the spray atomization and air fuel mixing quality in the combustion chamber of engine. Hence, till day IT and injection pressure are not optimized properly for POME operated diesel engine. Hence it essential to change the injection strategies for improve the BTE of engine to operate the higher viscous biodiesel in CI engine. The emissions are also reduced in the engine at optimized injection parameters. The optimization of IT and injection pressure work scantily done with operated POME BDF in existed diesel engine. Hence in current study to improve the overall performance of POME fueled diesel engine by optimizing both IT and injection pressure.

OBJECTIVES OF EXPERIMENTAL WORK
a) To study POME properties and compared with standard mineral diesel fuel. b) To conduct the experiments with various engine loads on POME operated diesel engine for various IT's 19, 23, 27 and 31° BTDC. c) To optimize the selected IT for higher efficiency and lower emissions. d) To conduct the experiments with various engine loads with constant optimized IT on POME operated diesel engine for various IOP's 210 to 250 bar in step of 10 bars. e) To optimize the selected IOP for higher efficiency and lower emissions.

PRESENT WORK
In present work is to optimize the injection timing and injection pressure for POME fuelled diesel engine. The optimized parameters leads to improve the overall efficiency of POME operated diesel engine with significant reduction of emissions.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
This section discusses the materials and methodology adopted in the experimental study.

Fuel Properties in Current Experimental Study
The fuel properties of POME are measured in the laboratory as shown in the below Table 1.

Experimental Set-up and Methodology
The Figure 2 shows the experimental rest rig set up with single cylinder, 4 stroke direct injection water cooled diesel engine. The details of specifications have been showed in the Table 2. The POME selected as a BDF in existed engine. In the first phase of study, various IT of 19°, 23°, 27° and 31°BTDC were selected for engine operated with POME and diesel fuels. The engine operated at constant 1500 rpm and CR 17.5. The 3 holes of nozzle with 0.3 mm orifice diameter selected for the experimentation in the existed engine. The 3 holes nozzle injector is existed in diesel engine as per the manufacturer recommendation. The experiments were carried for 80% and 100% of engine loads and readings were recorded at stable condition of engine. The optimized IT was found by conducting the experiments with various of engine loads in the POME fueled diesel engine. In the second phase of experimental study, the various IOP 200, 210, 220, 230, 240 and 250 bar were selected for the experimental study. The optimized IOP was found by conducting the experiments at static optimized IT with various loads of engine, when operate with POME fueled diesel engine. The experimental work studied in terms of performance, combustion and emission characteristics for both optimized injection timing and injection pressure.
Finally engine tests were found to be higher efficiency and lower emissions at optimized parameters of engine. Engine cooling was achieved by supplying water through water jacket. A piezoelectric transducer (Make: PCB Piezotronics, Model: HSM 111A22, Resolution: 0.145 mV/kPa) connected to the cylinder head was utilized to measure the in-cylinder gas pressure. Figure 2 shown used to measure smoke and emissions by Hartridge smoke meter and five-gas analyzers (A DELTA 1600 S-non-dispersive infrared analyzer) respectively under steady state condition of engine. The details of important specifications of exhaust analyzer and smoke meter are shown in Table 3.

Analysis of Uncertainty
The human error may be considered during measurement of engine parameters. The list of uncertainties is shown in the Table 3.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS The Detailed of Experiments on Optimization of IT
The engine runs with constant 1500 rpm and CR 17.5. The experiments were conducted in engine at various injection timings such as 19°, 23°, 27° and 31° BTDC with manufactured recommended engine parameters of IOP Figure 1. Experimental setup 205 bar, 3 holes nozzle injector with 0.3 mm diameter and HCC shape for POME. The engine experiments were carried for 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% loads. The engine powered with both POME and mineral diesel fuels. The engine efficiency decreases by applying 100% load due to negating effect. However, engine has given the optimum results at 80% load only. In view of optimization of injection timing, entire section discussions were enumerated in the below figures with respect to 80% load for both fuels. The diesel fuel experiments were recorded in engine as per manufacturer recommended standard conditions.

IT Effect on BTE
The variation of IT impact on BTE with BP as shown in Figure 3 for both POME and diesel fuels. The engine was showing the higher BTE (31.25%) with neat diesel at 80% load as compared with POME due to variation of fuel properties such viscosity, density and calorific value. The engine powered with POME has given less BTE for all IT's due to higher viscosity leading poor mixing quality in the combustion chamber environment. However, improved BTE of POME operated engine was observed by advancing in fuel IT. The advanced fuel IT is prerequisite parameter for POME operated engine due to presence of heavier molecular structure of fuel. The engine performance can be improved by more time available in combustion phenomena of biodiesel. The obtained results with respect to BTE are 24.96, 25.2, 26.32 and 25.75 for 19°, 23°, 27° and 31°BTDC respectively, when engine powered with POME at 80% engine load condition. It was observed that, higher BTE (26.32%) has obtained in engine with POME operation at 27° BTDC, but BTE was decreased by advancing IT at 31° BTDC due to negating effect of engine.  The variation of smoke level with BP for various IT's operated with diesel and POME fuels in engine as shown in below Figure 4. The diesel fuel has lower smoke level (46 HSU) at 80% load as higher BTE due to lower viscosity, optimum evaporation of fuel and good spray characteristics of fuel. However, the neat diesel fuel showed   minimum smoke level as compared to POME at all IT's. The smoke intensity related combustion phenomenon of fuel, since POME has heavier molecular structure and lower volatility characteristics leading to poor combustion process in the combustion environment. Hence POME exhibits higher smoke level for all operated IT's. However, the smoke intensity has been decreasing trend as fuel IT shifted from retarded to advance. This is due to fuel injection creates the minimum temperature and pressure with higher ID. The smoke level results of POME operated engine are 63, 60, 56 and 58 HSU for 19°, 23°, 27° and 31°BTDC respectively at 80% engine load condition. The minimum smoke intensity was observed at 27°BTDC for POME powered engine but it still more than diesel fuel.

IT Effect on Emissions of H C and CO
The variation of HC and CO emissions with BP for different IT's as shown in Figures 5 and 6 respectively for POME and diesel fuels. HC and CO are the most common emissions in the CI engine due to incomplete combustion. Hence lean mixture is formation in the combustion chamber during ID along with reduced velocity of non-uniformed fuel impinges from nozzle orifice. The minimum HC (36 ppm) and CO (0.1%) emissions from diesel fueled engine at 80% load. However, the emissions were less than POME operated diesel engine. The higher emissions for POME all operated IT's in engine due to incomplete combustion and lower spray characteristics of fuel could be the reason. Hence with this evidence says that, the BTE of diesel operated engine than the POME operated engine. However, advanced fuel IT minimize the CO and HC emissions in POME operated engine at 80% load. This is due to the ignition delay enhances during combustion process of engine. The results of HC are 52 ppm, 51 ppm, 47 ppm and 48 ppm for 19°, 23°, 27° and 31°BTDC IT respectively for POME operated diesel engine at 80% of load. Similarly, the results of CO are 0.2, 0.2, 0.153 and 0.18% for 19°, 23°, 27° and 31°BTDC IT respectively for POME powered diesel engine at 80% of load. But it was observed that, lowest HC and CO are formed at 27° BTDC operating with POME. Figure 7 explained that the effect of various IT's for NOx with BP as operated with POME and diesel fuels. The NOx emissions were drastically increases as increase in the load of engine for diesel and POME fuels. The cause of increased NOx emissions in both fuels is due to higher BTE leads to rise in the temperature by improved premixed combustion process in combustion chamber. However, diesel fuel operated engine was showed higher NOx level (1090 ppm) as compared to POME fuel operated with diesel engine at 80% load. The POME exhibits the lower NOx level in engine at retarded fuel IT, but by contract NOx level has been raised for advanced fuel IT. This is due to enhanced pre combustion process involved in the combustion environment. The results of POME operated diesel engine for NOx levels are 960, 1056, 1072 and 1068 ppm for 19°, 23°, 27° and 31°BTDC fuel IT respectively at 80% load. However, higher NOx level has been observed in POME operated diesel engine at 27° BTDC.  showed that the variation of peak pressure with BP for various IT operates with diesel and POME fuels. Usually combustion process enhancing the peak pressure rise in the combustion chamber during the piston decent and formation with the useful work. The main cause of the pressure changes in the combustion chamber was due to auto ignition temperature of fuel. The diesel operated diesel fuel has higher PP (74 bar) than POME operated engine at 80% load. POME was showed lower peak pressure for all fuel IT's due to lower energy content. The POME is leading to slow burning process due to longer ID and lower adiabatic flame temperature effect in the combustion chamber. From all above reasons of POME leads to incomplete combustion process. The PP was increased at advanced fuel IT, but PP was decreased at retarded fuel IT, this is due to effect ignition delay could be the reason. The results of PP with POME operated diesel engine are 68, 69, 70 and 69.5 bar for 19°, 23°, 27° and 31°BTDC IT respectively at 80% load. However, PP was improved in the engine for 27°BTDC fuel IT as compared to other IT's.    Figure 9 showed that the variation of the ignition delay with BP for all IT's operated with POME and diesel fuels. The neat diesel showed that lower ignition delay (9.8 °CA) as compared with POME with all IT at 80% load. The POME has lower ID due to its lower calorific value and higher viscosity. The ID was decreased at advanced IT due to higher thermal efficiency of engine, but ID was increased trend at retarded IT. Hence POME can improve the combustion process at advanced IT fuel in the engine. The ID results of POME operated engine are 10.5, 10.3, 10.2 and 10.25 ° CA for 19°, 23°, 27° and 31°BTDC IT respectively at 80% load. Finally, lower ID was obtained in the engine at 27°BTDC due to higher engine performance. Figure 10 showed that the variation of CD with BP for all IT for POME and diesel fuels. The combustion duration calculated with respect to 90 percent cumulative heat release rate from start of combustion. The combustion duration was increased in both diesel and POME fuels as increasing in BP for all IT due to more fuel utilized for combustion process. However diesel has showed that lower CD (38 °CA) as compared with POME at 80% load. The lower CD of POME due to longer diffusion combustion phase. The POME exhibits higher viscosity and improper fuel-air mixing characteristics in the cylinder that leads to incomplete combustion. The

IOP Effect on Optimized IT
The Fuel IT 27° BTDC has been optimized in the first phase of work at 80% of load in POME operated diesel engine. But by comparatively, diesel operated diesel engine showed the more efficient than POME operated engine due to variation in fuel properties. In second phase of work, the various IOP's such as 210, 220, 230, 240 and 250 bar are selected. The experiments are conducted in POME operated engine at 80% and 100% loads by keeping constant IT 27° BTDC. The results of all POME operated engine IOP's are compared with diesel fuel operated engine at standard conditions. The selected IOP have been optimized in POME operated engine at 80% load for IT 27° BTDC. The experimental results were discussed here only at 80% and 100% engine load condition.

IOP Effect on BTE
IOP effect on BTE with BP at 80% and 100% loads were showed in Figure 11 for diesel and POME fuels. The diesel fuel showed higher BTE than POME for all IOP in engine at 80% load. The higher BTE in diesel fuel  Figure 10. Injection timing effect on Combustion Duration is due to higher energy content, optimum atomization and fuel spray characteristics of fuel. The BTE of POME operated engine has been improved as increase in IOP due to well atomization of fuel characteristics in the combustion chamber at advanced IT. The results of BTE with POME operated engine are 26.32, 26.82, 27, 27.25 and 26.94% for 210, 220, 230, 240 and 250 bar respectively for 80% load and 27° BTDC. The BTE of POME operated engine gave higher BTE at 240 bar at 80% load, but at same time BTE has lowered at 100% load due to negation effect in the engine. Hence 80% load was optimized for engine.

IOP Effect on Smoke Opacity
From Figure 12 showed that variation of smoke level with BP for various IOP at 80% and 100% engine load with POME and diesel fuels. The fall of smoke level was observed as increasing in IOP for POME due to improved spray characteristics at 80% load condition. The smoke opacity was 49 HSU at 240 bar IOP but at 100% load condition, smoke level was increase due to the reduced BTE for POME. However the smoke level was lesser for diesel than POME due to higher viscosity of POME. At 80% load condition and 27°BTDC, the smoke level for POME were 58,56,54,52,49 and 51 HSU for 200,210,220,230,240 Figures 13 and 14 showed that variation of emissions with BP for all IOP at 80% and 100% load with POME and diesel fuels. HC and CO emissions were decreases at part load but at same time emissions increases at higher loads in CI engine. The POME operated diesel engine showed higher emissions as compared with diesel engine. This is due to incomplete combustion of POME fuel in engine due to well atomized fuel spray characteristics. The emissions are controlled by higher injection pressure in the combustion environment. The HC and CO emissions were decreased for POME operation at higher IOP with advanced IT. The POME operated engine showing the results of HC emissions are 49,47,45,43,41 and 42 ppm for 200,210,220,230,240 and 250 bar respectively at 80% load and 27° BTDC. Similarly,for CO are 0.159,0.153,0.15,0.145,0.14 and 0.142% for 200,210,220,230,240 and 250 bar respectively at 80% load and 27° BTDC. From the results the lower emissions were observed at 240 bar IOP for POME fueled diesel engine.

IOP Effect on NOx Emission
The figure 15 depicts that the variation of NOx emission with BP for all IOP's at 80% and 100% engine loading condition with POME and diesel fuel. High impact pressure of nozzle changes the combustion process in combustion chamber leads to raise the NOx level for tested fuel. This is due to the improved mixing of air and fuel characteristics leads to temperature rise in the combustion chamber. Hence, NOx level was enhanced as increase the injection pressure for POME. But diesel was showed higher NOx level as compared to POME due to attainment peak temperature in the cylinder.  The higher NOx level has been observed for POME operated engine at 240 bar and 27° BTDC due to higher BTE of the engine. Figure 16 showed that the variation of peak pressures with BP for all IOP at 80% and 100% load with POME and diesel fuels. The lower peak pressure observed for the POME operation as compared with diesel. This is due to lower energy content and lower BTE of POME. The peak pressure of POME operated engine was enhanced for increasing in IOP due to lower combustion diffusion phase. The higher peak pressure was observed at 240 bar of IOP as compared to remaining IOP's but further decrease trend of peak pressure showed due to negation effect. The observed readings for POME operated engine are 71, 72, 74 and 73 bar for 220, 230, 240 and 250 bar respectively at 80% load condition and 27°BTDC.

IOP Effect on Peak Pressure
IOP effect on Ignition Delay Period Figure 17 explained that variation of ID with BP for various IOP's with POME and diesel fuels at 80% and 100% load. ID calculated with respect to static injection period, but ID was decreased trend for POME operation with increased IOP. However higher ID for POME was observed compared to diesel due to the higher viscosity. But ID has been reduced at 240 bar for POME operated engine that leads to improved combustion process in the   cylinder. The readings obtained for POME operated engine are 10.1, 10, 9.8 and 9.9° CA for 220, 230, 240 and 250 bar respectively at 80% load and 27° BTDC.

IOP effect on Combustion Duration
From Figure 18 we observed that the variation of CD with BP for various IOP's with POME and diesel fuels at 80% and 100% load. The CD calculation based on the 90% cumulative heat release rate from the starting point of combustion. The CD was high at higher output of the engine for both fuels due to increased fuel quantity in combustion chamber. However, higher CD for POME compared with diesel fuel due to lengthier combustion diffusion stage. POME has higher viscosity to increased CD might be the reason. Hence POME operated engine was showing incomplete combustion in the cylinder leads to increased CD at low IOP. As increased in IOP the CD was decreased due to well atomization of POME. The lower CD was observed at 240 bar. The results of CD with POME operated engine are 43, 42, 40 and 41° CA for 220, 230, 240 and 250 bar respectively at 80% load and 27° BTDC.

CONCLUSIONS
From the exhaustive experimental tests conducted with POME and diesel operation in CI engine, the following conclusions were made at 80% load.
• In first phase of work, POME operated diesel engine gave higher BTE and reduced CO, HC, smoke emissions except NOx level at 27° BTDC fuel IT. • In second phase of work, POME operated diesel engine gave higher BTE and reduced emissions CO, HC, smoke emissions except NOx level at 27° BTDC fuel IT and 240 bar IOP. • In the view of comparison between first phase and second phase works, the BTE of engine improved 3%, CO decreased 8%, HC and smoke are decreased 12% and NOx increased 0.7% as compared to first phase work. • The POME operated diesel engine showed lower performance as compared with diesel operated diesel engine. On overall experimental works depicted that, the combined effect of 27° BTDC and 240 bar IOP of engine enhanced the BTE and reduced pollution, when POME as fuel used in the CI engine. Hence POME fuel can be used as an alternative fuel in diesel engine to save huge amount of the fossil fuel requirement in our country and worldwide.