Developing of the sustainability competencies instrument for pre-service biology teachers
Full Text (PDF)
More Detail
1 Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas Negeri Malang, Malang, INDONESIA2 Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Universitas Tidar, Magelang, INDONESIA* Corresponding Author
Abstract
This study constructs and validates an instrument for evaluating sustainability competencies in higher education, particularly within the context of education for sustainable development. The instrument assesses knowledge, attitudes, and values critical for tackling sustainability challenges. The creation involved expert evaluations and a comprehensive survey of 644 pre-service biology teachers in Indonesia. The analysis employed exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis, leading to the identification of seven essential competency dimensions: systems thinking competency, anticipatory competency, normative competency, strategic competency, collaboration competency, self-awareness competency, and problem-solving competency. The analysis categorized these into two primary factors: social competence and collaboration, and critical thinking and sustainable action. The instrument demonstrated reliability and construct validity, evidenced by a Cronbach’s alpha value of 0.88, indicating its robustness. This instrument is a valuable resource for incorporating sustainability competencies into higher education programs and curricula. Future research should implement this in diverse educational settings and integrate qualitative methods to enhance the understanding of sustainability competency development.
License
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Article Type: Research Article
EUR J SUSTAIN DEV RES, Volume 10, Issue 2, 2026, Article No: em0380
https://doi.org/10.29333/ejosdr/17986
Publication date: 01 Apr 2026
Online publication date: 26 Feb 2026
Article Views: 14
Article Downloads: 5
Open Access References How to cite this articleReferences
- Albareda Tiana, S., & Alférez Villarreal, A. (2016). A collaborative programme in sustainability and social responsibility. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 17(5), 719-736. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSHE-07-2016-0134
- Albareda-Tiana, S., Fernandez-Borsot, G., Berbegal-Mirabent, J., Regadera González, E., Mas-Machuca, M., Graell, M., Manresa, A., Fernandez-Morilla, M., Fuertas-Camacho, M. T., Gutierrez-Sierra, A., & Guardiola, J. M. (2024). Enhancing curricular integration of the SDGs: Fostering active methodologies through cross-departmental collaboration in a Spanish university. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 25(5), 1024-1047. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSHE-07-2023-0299
- Algurén, B. (2021). How to bring about change: A literature review about education and learning activities for sustainable development. Discourse and Communication for Sustainable Education, 12(1), 5-21. https://doi.org/10.2478/dcse-2021-0002
- Almulla, M. A., & Al-Rahmi, W. M. (2023). Integrated social cognitive theory with learning input factors: The effects of problem-solving skills and critical thinking skills on learning performance sustainability. Sustainability, 15(5), Article 3978. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15053978
- Andino-González, P., Vega-Muñoz, A., Salazar-Sepúlveda, G., Contreras-Barraza, N., Lay, N., & Gil-Marín, M. (2025). Systematic review of studies using confirmatory factor analysis for measuring management skills in sustainable organizational development. Sustainability, 17(6), Article 2373. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17062373
- Annelin, A., & Boström, G. O. (2023). An assessment of key sustainability competencies: A review of scales and propositions for validation. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 24(9), 53-69. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSHE-05-2022-0166
- Asrifan, A., Khristianto, K., Aini, N., & Wahira, W. (2025). Integrating AI and sustainability in education: A new paradigm for modern literacy. In A. Diego, A. F. Joacquim, & C. V. de Almeida (Eds.), Rethinking literacy in the Era of sustainability and artificial intelligence (pp. 43-72). IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3373-0725-1.ch002
- Bader, M., & Moshagen, M. (2022). Assessing the fitting propensity of factor models. Psychological Methods, 30(2), 254-270. https://doi.org/10.1037/met0000529
- Baena-Morales, S., Urrea-Solano, M., Gavilán-Martin, D., & Ferriz-Valero, A. (2023). Development and validation of an instrument to assess the level of sustainable competencies in future physical education teachers. PESD-FT questionnaire. Journal of Applied Research in Higher Education, 15(1), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1108/JARHE-09-2021-0330
- Baharum, H., Ismail, A., Awang, Z., McKenna, L., Ibrahim, R., Mohamed, Z., & Hassan, N. H. (2023). The study adapted instruments based on confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to validate measurement models of latent constructs. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(4), Article 2860. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20042860
- Banwell, N., & Hess, G. (2025). Normative visions of sustainability professionals: A case study of strong sustainability and doughnut economics. Journal of Sustainability Research, 7(2). https://doi.org/10.20900/jsr20250037
- Bertel, L. B., Winther, M., Routhe, H. W., & Kolmos, A. (2022). Framing and facilitating complex problem-solving competences in interdisciplinary megaprojects: An institutional strategy to educate for sustainable development. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 23(5), 1173-1191. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSHE-10-2020-0423
- Bhati, N. S. (2020). Validation of customers’ perceived e-service quality determinants: A confirmatory factor analysis approach. International Journal of Services, Economics and Management, 11(2), 97-118. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJSEM.2020.108978
- Birdman, J., & Lang, D. J. (2025). Creating curricula for competence: Findings from a comparison of three sustainability graduate programs. In W. L. Filho, J. Newman, A. Lange Salvia, L. Viera Trevisan, & L. Corazza (Eds.), North American and European perspectives on sustainability in higher education. World sustainability series (pp. 1173-1188). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-80434-2_64
- Bögeholz, S., Eggert, S., Ziese, C., & Hasselhorn, M. (2017). Modeling and fostering decision making competencies regarding challenging issues of sustainable development. In D. Leutner, J. Fleischer, J. Grünkorn, & E. Klieme (Eds.), Competence assessment in education. Methodology of educational measurement and assessment (pp. 263-284). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-50030-0_16
- Bortkevičienė, V., & Vaitkevičius, R. (2016). The development of adults’ entrepreneurial competence for their successful career. International Journal of Learning and Intellectual Capital, 13(2-3), 238-249. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJLIC.2016.075692
- Brundiers, K., Wiek, A., & Redman, C. L. (2010). Real-world learning opportunities in sustainability: From classroom into the real world. International Journal of Sustainability In Higher Education, 11(4), 308-324. https://doi.org/10.1108/14676371011077540
- Cano García, E., & Lluch Molins, L. (2022). Competence-based assessment in higher education during COVID-19 lockdown: The demise of sustainability competence. Sustainability, 14(15), Article 9560. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14159560
- Chaisri, R. R. (2024). Integrative learning process to enhance competencies for sustainable development. In S. Valarmathi, J. Kareem, V. Tantia, K. S. Babu, & P. J. Lucas (Eds.), Effective and meaningful student engagement through service learning (pp. 165-187). IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-2256-7.ch010
- Charosky, G., Hassi, L., Papageorgiou, K., & Bragós, R. (2022). Developing innovation competences in engineering students: A comparison of two approaches. European Journal of Engineering Education, 47(2), 353-372. https://doi.org/10.1080/03043797.2021.1968347
- Cörvers, R., Wiek, A., de Kraker, J., Lang, D. J., & Martens, P. (2016). Problem-based and project-based learning for sustainable development. In H. Heinrichs, P. Martens, G. Michelsen, & A. Wiek (Eds.), Sustainability science (pp. 349-358). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-7242-6_29
- Costa, M. F. B., & Cipolla, C. M. (2025). Critical soft skills for sustainability in higher education: A multi-phase qualitative study. Sustainability, 17(2), Article 377. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17020377
- Cui, L., Yang, K., Lei, Z., Lim, M. K., & Hou, Y. (2022). Exploring stakeholder collaboration based on the sustainability factors affecting the sharing economy. Sustainable Production and Consumption, 30, 218-232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2021.12.009
- Dalla Valle, A. (2021). Existing information flow to develop environmental and life cycle studies of current practice. In Change management towards life cycle AE(C) practice. SpringerBriefs in applied sciences and technology() (pp. 93-99). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-69981-9_12
- De Kraker, J., Corvers, R. J. M., & Lansu, A. L. E. (2014). E-learning for sustainable development: Linking virtual mobility and transboundary competence development. In U. M. Aziteiro, W. L. Filho, & S. S. Caeiro (Eds.), E-learning and education for sustainability (pp. 29-46). Peter Lang Publishing Group. https://doi.org/10.3726/978-3-653-02460-9
- de Mattos Nascimento, D. L., Kerber, J. M. C., Feldmann, D., & de Oliveira Lino, B. E. (2025). Integrating PBL and CBL in operations management education: Bridging theory, practice and sustainability for Quality 4.0 in higher education. The TQM Journal, 2025, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1108/TQM-12-2024-0526
- Deer, S., & Zarestky, J. (2017). Balancing profit and people: Corporate social responsibility in business education. Journal of Management Education, 41(5), 727-749. https://doi.org/10.1177/1052562917719918
- Demssie, Y. N., Biemans, H. J., Wesselink, R., & Mulder, M. (2023). Fostering students’ systems thinking competence for sustainability by using multiple real-world learning approaches. Environmental Education Research, 29(2), 261-286. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504622.2022.2141692
- Dlouhá, J., Heras, R., Mulà, I., Salgado, F. P., & Henderson, L. (2019). Competences to address SDGs in higher education-a reflection on the equilibrium between systemic and personal approaches to achieve transformative action. Sustainability, 11(13), Article 3664. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11133664
- Dominici, P. (2023). Sustainability is social complexity: Re-imagining education toward a culture of unpredictability. Sustainability, 15(24), Article 16719. https://doi.org/10.3390/su152416719
- du Plessis, M., & Kirsten, M. (2025). Measuring work-life wellness: A South African validation study. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 51, Article 2269. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajip.v51i0.2269
- e Silva, J. L., de Sousa Mata, M., Câmara, S. M. A., do Céu Clara Costa, Í., de Medeiros, K. S., Cobucci, R. N., & Gonçalves, A. K. (2021). Validity and reliability of the lederman prenatal self-evaluation questionnaire (PSEQ) in Brazil. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 21(1), Article 481. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-021-03959-3
- Eberz, S., Lang, S., Breitenmoser, P., & Niebert, K. (2023). Taking the lead into sustainability: Decision makers’ competencies for a greener future. Sustainability, 15(6), Article 4986. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15064986
- Eze, N. M., Asogwa, O. C., & Eze, C. M. (2021). Principal component factor analysis of some development factors in southern Nigeria and its extension to regression analysis. Journal of Advances in Mathematics and Computer Science, 36(3), 132-160. https://doi.org/10.9734/JAMCS/2021/v36i330351
- Fobbe, L. (2020). Analysing organisational collaboration practices for sustainability. Sustainability, 12(6), Article 2466. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci11080434
- França, J. S., Solar, R., Hughes, R. M., & Callisto, M. (2019). Student monitoring of the ecological quality of neotropical urban streams. Ambio, 48(8), 867-878. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-018-1122-z
- Frank, P. (2021). A proposal of personal competencies for sustainable consumption. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 22(6), 1225-1245. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSHE-01-2020-0027
- Frey, S., Beege, M., Renkl, A., & Riess, W. (2025). The impact of system models on systems thinking in the context of climate change in elementary school. Systems, 13(4), Article 220. https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13040220
- Gardiner, S., & Rieckmann, M. (2015). Pedagogies of preparedness: Use of reflective journals in the operationalisation and development of anticipatory competence. Sustainability, 7(8), 10554-10575. https://doi.org/10.3390/su70810554
- Garson, G. D. (2022). Factor analysis and dimension reduction in R: A social scientist’s toolkit. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003279693
- George, D., & Mallery, P. (2024). IBM SPSS statistics 29 step by step: A simple guide and reference. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781032622156
- Goretzko, D., Pham, T. T. H., & Bühner, M. (2021). Exploratory factor analysis: Current use, methodological developments and recommendations for good practice. Current Psychology, 40, 3510-3521. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-019-00300-2
- Gouwy, V. (2014). Self-reflection and personal evolution as keystone of sustainability. World Review of Entrepreneurship, Management and Sustainable Development, 10(1), 80-87. https://doi.org/10.1504/WREMSD.2014.058055
- Green, C., Molloy, O., & Duggan, J. (2021). An empirical study of the impact of systems thinking and simulation on sustainability education. Sustainability, 14(1), Article 394. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14010394
- Grougiou, V., Anagnostopoulou, S., & Tingey-Holyoak, J. L. (2024). Sustainability literature review research: Advancing theory and practice. Sustainability Accounting, Management and Policy Journal, 15(5), 1017-1037. https://doi.org/10.1108/SAMPJ-03-2024-0198
- Guerra, A., Jiang, D., & Du, X. (2022). Student agency for sustainability in a systemic PBL environment. Sustainability, 14(21), Article 13728. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142113728
- Haim, K., & Aschauer, W. (2024). Innovative FOCUS: A program to foster creativity and innovation in the context of education for sustainability. Sustainability, 16(6), Article 2257. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16062257
- Hair, J. F., Risher, J. J., Sarstedt, M., & Ringle, C. M. (2019). When to use and how to report the results of PLS-SEM. European Business Review, 31(1), 2-24. https://doi.org/10.1108/EBR-11-2018-0203
- Handayani, E., Anggara, A. A., & Hapsari, I. (2024). Developing an instrument and assessing SDGs implementation in Indonesian higher education. International Journal of Sustainable Development & Planning, 19(2). https://doi.org/10.18280/ijsdp.190215
- Hansen, S., & Bertel, L. B. (2023). Becoming a creative genius: How a creative learning environment can facilitate transdisciplinary engagement and creative mindsets in a life-long learning perspective. Journal of Problem Based Learning in Higher Education, 11(2), 34-53. https://doi.org/10.54337/ojs.jpblhe.v11i2.7781
- Haritas, I., & Harini, K. N. (2025). ‘Solving’as a key course learning outcome (CLO) in postgraduate (PG) management education. The International Journal of Management Education, 23(3), Article 101225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijme.2025.101225
- Hart, D. D., Bell, K. P., Lindenfeld, L. A., Jain, S., Johnson, T. R., Ranco, D., & McGill, B. (2015). Strengthening the role of universities in addressing sustainability challenges: The Mitchell Center for Sustainability Solutions as an institutional experiment. Ecology and Society, 20(2). https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-07283-200204
- Hensley, N. (2025). Student-led discussions for sustainability education: An autoethnographic exploration. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 26(3), 505-517. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSHE-07-2023-0295
- Hreinsson, J. P., Törnblom, H., Tack, J., Drossman, D. A., Whitehead, W. E., Bangdiwala, S. I., Sperber, A. D., Palsson, O. S., & Simrén, M. (2023). Factor analysis of the Rome IV criteria for major disorders of gut-brain interaction (DGBI) globally and across geographical, sex, and age groups. Gastroenterology, 164(7), 1211-1222. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2023.02.033
- Hu, M., & Shealy, T. (2018). Methods for measuring systems thinking: Differences between student self-assessment, concept map scores, and cortical activation during tasks about sustainability. In Proceedings of the 2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition. https://doi.org/10.18260/1-2--30807
- Hunt, J., Turner, L., Taylor, S. N., & Greenberg, D. (2023). Building sustainability leadership: Rethinking curriculum design and the role of the faculty. In L. Caporarello, P. Kumar, & A. Agrawal (Eds.), Higher education for the sustainable development goals: Bridging the global north and south (pp. 127-143). Emerald Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-80382-525-020231007
- Inci, F. H., & Bakan, G. (2022). Validity, internal consistency, and responsiveness of the Turkish version of the family needs questionnaire–revised. Brain Injury, 36(1), 100-109. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699052.2022.2034951
- Ispiryan, A., Pakeltiene, R., Ispiryan, O., & Giedraitis, A. (2024). Fostering organizational sustainability through employee collaboration: An integrative approach to environmental, social, and economic dimensions. Encyclopedia, 4(4), 1806-1826. https://doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia4040119
- Jaakkola, N., Karvinen, M., Hakio, K., Wolff, L. A., Mattelmäki, T., & Friman, M. (2022). Becoming self-aware: How do self-awareness and transformative learning fit in the sustainability competency discourse? Frontiers in Education, 7. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2022.855583
- Jamil, M., Bokhari, T. B., & Zia, Q. (2024). Qualitative content analysis for critical thinking and skill development: A case of chemistry curriculum. Journal of Asian Development Studies, 13(1), 147-155. https://doi.org/10.62345/jads.2024.13.1.12
- Jobst, L. J., Heine, C., Auerswald, M., & Moshagen, M. (2021). Effects of multivariate non-normality and missing data on the root mean square error of approximation. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 28(6), 851-858. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705511.2021.1933987
- Jung, M. S., Park, M., Cha, K., Cui, X., Lee, A. R., & Hwang, J. (2025). Psychometric evaluation of the Pittsburgh sleep quality index in Korean breast cancer survivors: A confirmatory factor analysis. Healthcare 13(19), Article 2481. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13192481
- Jusoh, N., Ali, M. W., Abdullah, T. A. T., & Husain, A. (2022). Validation construct items for the measurement model of permit to work using exploratory factor analysis. International Journal of Business and Globalisation, 30(3-4), 462-477. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJBG.2022.123621
- Karaarslan Semiz, G., & Teksöz, G. (2020). Developing the systems thinking skills of pre-service science teachers through an outdoor ESD course. Journal of Adventure Education and Outdoor Learning, 20(4), 337-356. https://doi.org/10.1080/14729679.2019.1686038
- Kay, N. S. (2018). Self-awareness in personal transformation. In J. Neal (Ed.), Handbook of personal and organizational transformation (pp. 1-34). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-66893-2_22
- Kennedy, I. (2022). Sample size determination in test-retest and Cronbach alpha reliability estimates. British Journal of Contemporary Education, 2(1), 17-29. https://doi.org/10.52589/BJCE-FY266HK9
- Kinane, C., Tyler, K., Taub, A., & Pena-Francesch, A. (2023). Sustainable materials design in undergraduate engineering education. In Proceedings of the 2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition. https://doi.org/10.18260/1-2--44390
- Konrad, T., Wiek, A., & Barth, M. (2020). Embracing conflicts for interpersonal competence development in project-based sustainability courses. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 21(1), 76-96. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSHE-06-2019-0190
- Krane, V., Zubala, E., Thorning, T. H., Quintana Murci, E., & Macedo, E. (2025). Running collaborative competence groups-exploring experiences from five countries. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 24, Article 16094069241306082. https://doi.org/10.1177/16094069241306082
- Lähdeaho, O., & Vilko, J. (2022). Is Ignorance a bliss in sustainability? Evaluating the perceptions of logistics companies’ self-assessment in environmental performance. In Proceedings of the ICORES (pp. 244-250). https://doi.org/10.5220/0010907200003117
- Lai, K., & Green, S. B. (2016). The problem with having two watches: Assessment of fit when RMSEA and CFI disagree. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 51(2-3), 220-239. https://doi.org/10.1080/00273171.2015.1134306
- Lambrechts, W., Gelderman, C. J., Semeijn, J., & Verhoeven, E. (2019). The role of individual sustainability competences in eco-design building projects. Journal of Cleaner Production, 208, 1631-1641. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.10.084
- Laursen, E. S., & Bennyson, R. (2024). Framework for competences in environmental sustainability driving cooperative engineering. In Y. Luo (Ed.), Cooperative design, visualization, and engineering. CDVE 2024. Lecture notes in computer science, vol 15158 (pp. 187-193). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-71315-6_19
- Ledesma, R. D., Ferrando, P. J., Trógolo, M. A., Poó, F. M., Tosi, J. D., & Castro, C. (2021). Exploratory factor analysis in transportation research: Current practices and recommendations. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 78, 340-352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2021.02.021
- Lee, H. Y., Chen, Y. L., & Weng, L. J. (2024). Brief research report: Effects of sampling error and categorization on estimation of measure of sampling adequacy. The Journal of Experimental Education, 92(2), 398-410. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220973.2023.2196672
- Li, Y., Wen, Z., Hau, K. T., Yuan, K. H., & Peng, Y. (2020). Effects of cross-loadings on determining the number of factors to retain. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 27(6), 841-863. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705511.2020.1745075
- Lorenzo-Seva, U., & Ferrando, P. J. (2021). MSA: The forgotten index for identifying inappropriate items before computing exploratory item factor analysis. Methodology, 17(4), 296-306. https://doi.org/10.5964/meth.7185
- Loureiro, A. C., Ibáñez-Cubillas, P., & Miranda-Pinto, M. D. S. (2024). Content validity by expert evaluation to measure the digital competences of master’s degree students in special education. Texto Livre, 17, Article e52564. https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-3652.2024.52564
- Lozano, R., Barreiro-Gen, M., D’amato, D., Gago-Cortes, C., Favi, C., Martins, R., Monus, F., Caeiro, S., Benayas, J., Caldera, S., Bostanci, S., Djekic, I., Moneva, J. M., Saenz, O., Awuzie, B., & Gladysz, B. (2023). Improving sustainability teaching by grouping and interrelating pedagogical approaches and sustainability competences: Evidence from 15 worldwide higher education institutions. Sustainable Development, 31(1), 349-359. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.2396
- Lozano, R., Barreiro-Gen, M., Lozano, F. J., & Sammalisto, K. (2019). Teaching sustainability in European higher education institutions: Assessing the connections between competences and pedagogical approaches. Sustainability, 11(6), Article 1602. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11061602
- Lozano, R., Barreiro-Gen, M., Ortiz-Martínez, G., Mendoza, A., Segalàs, J., Caeiro, S., Simao, J., Favi, C., Gladysz, B., Allo, M., Gago-Cortes, C., Tortato, U., Monus, F., Pietikainen, J., Södervik, I., Ratvio, R., Bostanci, S., Toth, M. D., Benayas, J., ... Sassen, R. (2025). Students’ perspectives on sustainability competences and pedagogical approaches: Groupings and interrelations results from 17 international case studies. Sustainable Development, 33(3), 4689-4701. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.3368
- Mach, L., & Ebersberger, B. (2024). Competences for a great, big, and beautiful tomorrow? Sustainability competences within innovation dedicated further education. In R. Obexer, D. Wieser, C. Baumgartner, E. Fröhlich, A. Rosenbloom, & A. Zehrer (Eds.), Innovation in responsible management education: Preparing the changemakers of tomorrow (pp. 27-62). Emerald Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-83549-464-620241004
- Maggino, F. (Ed.). (2023). Encyclopedia of quality of life and well-being research. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-17299-1_304024
- Mardiansyah Purmadi, R., Made, D., Santika, J., Wulandari, A. S., & Korespondensi, P. (2020). Pentingnya pendidikan konservasi untuk menjaga lingkungan hidup (studi kasus di Desa Cidahu, Kabupaten Kuningan) [The importance of conservation education to protect the environment (case study in Cidahu Village, Kuningan Regency)]. Jurnal Pusat Inovasi Masyarakat, 2020(4), 602-606.
- Marenus, M. W., Marzec, M., Kilbourne, A., Colabianchi, N., & Chen, W. (2023). The validity and reliability of the workplace culture of health scale–Short form. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 65(10), e626-e630. https://doi.org/10.1097/JOM.0000000000002949
- McNeish, D., An, J., & Hancock, G. R. (2018). The thorny relation between measurement quality and fit index cutoffs in latent variable models. Journal of personality assessment, 100(1), 43-52. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2017.1281286
- Mesa, J. A., Ruiz-Pastor, L., & Esparragoza, I. E. (2022). Development of the consumption journey tool to improve awareness and critical thinking on sustainability in engineering students. In Proceedings of the 2022 IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference (pp. 1-7). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/FIE56618.2022.9962562
- Mian, S. H., Salah, B., Ameen, W., Moiduddin, K., & Alkhalefah, H. (2020). Adapting universities for sustainability education in Industry 4.0: Channel of challenges and opportunities. Sustainability, 12(15), Article 6100. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12156100
- Moyer-Horner, L., Kirby, R., & Vaughan, C. (2010). Education as a tool for addressing the extinction crisis: Moving students from understanding to action. Revista de Biología Tropical, 58(4), 1115-1126. https://doi.org/10.15517/rbt.v58i4.5397
- Mulder, K. F. (2017). Strategic competences for concrete action towards sustainability: An oxymoron? Engineering education for a sustainable future. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 68, 1106-1111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.03.038
- Murphy, M. P. (2023). The future of welfare is ecosocial: Making it happen. Studies: An Irish Quarterly Review, 112(446), 202-211. https://doi.org/10.1353/stu.2023.a901526
- Nasiru, M. A., & Dahlan, N. H. (2020). Exploratory factor analysis in establishing dimensions of intervention programmes among obstetric vesicovaginal fistula victims in Northern Nigeria. Journal of Critical Reviews, 7(8), 1554-1560. https://doi.org/10.31838/jcr.07.07.01
- Nasr-Azadani, E., Smithwick, E. A., Steidle, S. J., Lucash, M. S., Wardrop, D. H., Fregien, N. T., & Kenote, T. R. (2023). Integrating menominee model for sustainable forestry with systems thinking competency through 3D virtual tours. Sustainability Science, 18(6), 2605-2628. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-023-01399-w
- Netson, R., Schmiedel Fucks, A., Schmiedel Sanches Santos, A., Poloni, L. E. P., Nacano, N. N., Fucks, E., Radi, K., Strong, W. E., Carnaval, A. A., & Vyshedskiy, A. (2024). A comparison of parent reports, the mental synthesis evaluation checklist (MSEC) and the autism treatment evaluation checklist (ATEC), with the childhood autism rating scale (CARS). Pediatric Reports, 16(1), 174-189. https://doi.org/10.3390/pediatric16010016
- Nissen, S. Ø. (2025). Forces of responsible leadership: A multiple case study on enhancing sustainable inner development through management education. The International Journal of Management Education, 23(3), Article 101224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijme.2025.101224
- Nizzolino, S., Canals, A., & Temperini, M. (2023). Validation of the italian version of the community of inquiry survey. Education Sciences, 13(12), Article 1200. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13121200
- Oe, H., Yamaoka, Y., & Ochiai, H. (2022). A qualitative assessment of community learning initiatives for environmental awareness and behaviour change: Applying UNESCO education for sustainable development (ESD) framework. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(6), Article 3528. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19063528
- Pacewicz, C. E., Hill, C. R., Chun, H., & Myers, N. D. (2024). Confirmatory factor analysis in kinesiology journals with explicit measurement focus. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science, 28(2), 146-171. https://doi.org/10.1080/1091367X.2023.2270466
- Palmberg, I., Hofman-Bergholm, M., Jeronen, E., & Yli-Panula, E. (2017). Systems thinking for understanding sustainability? Nordic student teachers’ views on the relationship between species identification, biodiversity and sustainable development. Education Sciences, 7(3), Article 72. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci7030072
- Perić, J., Oberman Peterka, S., & Getoš, Ž. (2020). The role of vocational education in developing entrepreneurial competences of students. Ekonomski Pregled, 71(5), 463-492. https://doi.org/10.32910/ep.71.5.2
- Pokhrel, R. (2021). Integrating values in education: Managing learning crisis for sustainable and holistic achievement. Journal of Information Technology Applications and Management, 28(5), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.21219/jitam.2021.28.5.001
- Qablan, A., Nowfal, N., Al-Faiadh, T., Pearson, E., Alkaabi, A., Alhashmi, H., Alderei, F., & Al Shamsi, A. Y. (2025). Mapping the representation of four SDGs in international elementary science curriculum and textbooks. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 21(3), Article em2596. https://doi.org/10.29333/ejmste/16042
- Quesada-Embid, M. C. (2016). Eco-crimes and eco-redemptions: Discussing the challenges and opportunities of personal sustainability. In L. Byrne (Ed.), Learner-centered teaching activities for environmental and sustainability studies (pp. 57-64). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28543-6_6
- Rajak, J. (2021). A preliminary review on impact of climate change and our environment with reference to global warming. International Journal of Environmental Sciences, 10, 11-14. https://www.crdeepjournal.org/
- Ramanan, B., & Mohamad, M. A. B. (2021). How does teacher continues professional development practices help teachers to become competent? Validating models: A structural equation modeling approach. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1793, Article 012003. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1793/1/012003
- Ratinen, I., & Linnanen, L. (2022). The connection of Finns’ environmental awareness to their anticipatory competence. Frontiers in Education, 7. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2022.838005
- Redman, A., Wiek, A., & Barth, M. (2021). Current practice of assessing students’ sustainability competencies: A review of tools. Sustainability Science, 16(1), 117-135. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-020-00855-1
- Remington-Doucette, S., & Musgrove, S. (2015). Variation in sustainability competency development according to age, gender, and disciplinary affiliation: Implications for teaching practice and overall program structure. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 16(4), 537-575. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSHE-01-2013-0005
- Reynolds, M., Blackmore, C., Ison, R., Shah, R., & Wedlock, E. (2017). The role of systems thinking in the practice of implementing sustainable development goals. In W. L: Filho (Ed.), Handbook of sustainability science and research. World sustainability series (pp. 677-698). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-63007-6_42
- Ringle, C. M., Wende, S., & Becker, J.-M. (2024). SmartPLS 4. Bönningstedt: SmartPLS. https://www.smartpls.com
- Risopoulos-Pichler, F., Daghofer, F., & Steiner, G. (2020). Competences for solving complex problems: A cross-sectional survey on higher education for sustainability learning and transdisciplinarity. Sustainability, 12(15), Article 6016. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12156016
- Rogers, P. (2024). Best practices for your confirmatory factor analysis: A JASP and lavaan tutorial. Behavior Research Methods, 56(7), 6634-6654. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-024-02375-7
- Rouquette, A., & Falissard, B. (2011). Sample size requirements for the internal validation of psychiatric scales. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 20(4), 235-249. https://doi.org/10.1002/mpr.352
- Rousseau, H. E. (2017). Corporate sustainability: Toward a theoretical integration of catholic social teaching and the natural-resource-based view of the firm. Journal of Business Ethics, 145(4), 725-737. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-016-3119-5
- Rutherford, G. (2025). Relational competence building in sustainable development: A systems-thinking approach. In W. L. Filho, B. Gasparetto Rebelatto, A. Annelin, & G. O. Boström (Eds.), Competence building in sustainable development. World sustainability series (pp. 333-355). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-80380-2_16
- Ruwanika, E. Q. F., & Massyn, L. (2024). A leadership competence framework for sustainable development in the manufacturing industry in a developing country context: The bicycle metaphor. Cogent Business & Management, 11(1), Article 2364849. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2024.2364849
- Sá, P., Lourenço, M., & Carlos, V. (2022). Sustainability competencies in higher education research: An analysis of doctoral theses in Portugal. European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education, 12(4), 387-399. https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe12040028
- Sarid, A., & Goldman, D. (2021). A value-based framework connecting environmental citizenship and change agents for sustainability—Implications for education for environmental citizenship. Sustainability, 13(8), Article 4338. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13084338
- Sathyanarayana, S., & Mohanasundaram, T. (2024). Fit indices in structural equation modeling and confirmatory factor analysis: Reporting guidelines. Asian Journal of Economics, Business and Accounting, 24(7), 561-577. https://doi.org/10.9734/ajeba/2024/v24i71430
- Schmieg, G., Meyer, E., Schrickel, I., Herberg, J., Caniglia, G., Vilsmaier, U., Laubichler, M., Hörl, E., & Lang, D. (2018). Modeling normativity in sustainability: A comparison of the sustainable development goals, the Paris agreement, and the papal encyclical. Sustainability Science, 13(3), 785-796. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-017-0504-7
- Schreiber, J. B. (2021). Issues and recommendations for exploratory factor analysis and principal component analysis. Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy, 17(5), 1004-1011. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sapharm.2020.07.027
- Schuler, S., Fanta, D., Rosenkraenzer, F., & Riess, W. (2018). Systems thinking within the scope of education for sustainable development (ESD) a heuristic competence model as a basis for (science) teacher education. Journal of Geography in Higher Education, 42(2), 192-204. https://doi.org/10.1080/03098265.2017.1339264
- Şeker, M. (2023). A study on how environmental issues are discussed in social studies textbooks. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 26, 21325-21352. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-023-03532-2
- Sengupta, D., & El-Halwagi, M. M. (2024). Incorporating systems thinking in the engineering design curriculum: Path forward for sustainability education. Encyclopedia of Sustainable Technologies, 1, 487-499. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-90386-8.00133-9
- Seydi, M., Akhbari, B., Abdollahi, I., Abad, S. K. G., & Biglarian, A. (2021). Confirmatory factor analysis, reliability, and validity of the Persian version of the coping strategies questionnaire for Iranian people with nonspecific chronic neck pain. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics, 44(1), 72-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmpt.2020.08.004
- Shah, M. (2019). Green human resource management: Development of a valid measurement scale. Business Strategy and the Environment, 28(5), 771-785. https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.2279
- Shrestha, N. (2021). Factor analysis as a tool for survey analysis. American Journal of Applied Mathematics and statistics, 9(1), 4-11. https://doi.org/10.12691/ajams-9-1-2
- Shuttleworth, C. D., Aynsley, A. M., & Avery, G. C. (2008). The role of reflection in leading’sustainable organisations’: A preliminary study. International Journal of Interdisciplinary Social Sciences, 3(7), 187-194. https://doi.org/10.18848/1833-1882/CGP/v03i07/52655
- Siddhardha, M., Singh, K., Nahar, P., Bhargava, A., Sarma, B. A., & Ravisankar, G. (2024). Transforming sustainable procurement in the power transmission sector: Evolving qualification requirements and evaluation criteria. Water and Energy International, 67(6), 46-54. https://indianjournals.com/article/pej-27-2-001
- Siddiqui, K. (2013). Heuristics for sample size determination in multivariate statistical techniques. World Applied Sciences Journal, 27(2), 285-287. https://doi.org/10.5829/idosi.wasj.2013.27.02.889
- Singer-Brodowski, M., Henkel, G. M., Reith, A., Frank, P., & Rieckmann, M. (2025). What is needed to act as a professional change agent for sustainability? A scoping review. International Review of Education. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11159-024-10092-8
- Solobutina, M. M. (2015). Insights into anticipation capacity development programme at interpersonal interaction. Review of European Studies, 7(5), 137-145. https://doi.org/10.5539/res.v7n5p137
- Song, Z., Zhang, D., Yang, L., Zhu, P., Liu, Y., Wang, S., & Zheng, R. (2024). Factor structure and longitudinal invariance for the Chinese Mainland version of the Edinburgh postnatal depression scale during pregnancy. Midwifery, 132, Article 103963. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2024.103963
- Souza, M. C., Lima, R. M., Mesquita, D., & Margalho, E. M. (2022). Development and validation of scenarios for the assessment of project management people competences. In Proceedings of the 14th International Symposium on Project Approaches in Engineering Education and 19th Active Learning in Engineering Education Workshop (pp. 173-181). Universidade do Minho. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7057819
- Ssossé, Q., Wagner, J., & Hopper, C. (2021). Assessing the impact of ESD: Methods, challenges, results. Sustainability, 13(5), Article 2854. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13052854
- Stahl, P., Donmez, B., & Jamieson, G. A. (2013). Anticipatory driving competence: Motivation, definition & modeling. In Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications (pp. 286-291). https://doi.org/10.1145/2516540.2516579
- Stahl, P., Donmez, B., & Jamieson, G. A. (2014). A model of anticipation in driving: Processing pre-event cues for upcoming conflicts. In Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications (pp. 1-8). https://doi.org/10.1145/2667317.2667321
- Starik, M., Kanashiro, P., & Rands, G. (2021). Why focus on faculty personal sustainability? In Personal sustainability practices (pp. 14-21). Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781800375130.00010
- Stefana, A., Cena, L., Trainini, A., Palumbo, G., Gigantesco, A., & Mirabella, F. (2024). Screening for antenatal maternal depression: Comparative performance of the Edinburgh postnatal depression scale and patient health questionnaire. Annali dell’Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 60(1), 55-63. https://iris.unibs.it/handle/11379/600366
- Storopoli, J., Ramos, H., Quirino, G., & Rufín, C. (2019). Themes and methods in sustainability research. Revista de Gestão Ambiental e Sustentabilidade, 8(3), 410-430. https://doi.org/10.5585/GEAS.V8I3.15731
- Tejedor, G., Segalàs, J., Barrón, Á., Fernández-Morilla, M., Fuertes, M. T., Ruiz-Morales, J.,& Hernández, À. (2019). Didactic strategies to promote competencies in sustainability. Sustainability, 11(7), Article 2086. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11072086
- Thayer, T. (2023). Identifying similarities and differences in sustainability education and foresight and futures education: A comparative analysis of competence frameworks. On the Horizon: The International Journal of Learning Futures, 31(2), 95-109. https://doi.org/10.1108/OTH-11-2022-0066
- Toma, R. B., Ortiz-Revilla, J., & Greca, I. M. (2024). Development and validation of a multiple-choice test for sustainability competence in primary school using the GreenComp framework. International Journal of Educational Research Open, 7, Article 100388. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedro.2024.100388
- UNESCO. (2017). UNESCO moving forward the 2030 agenda for sustainable development. UNESCO. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000247785
- Valderrama-Hernández, R., Barrón Ruíz, A., Solís-Espallargas, C., & Limón Dominguez, D. (2025). An instrument to analyse the sustainability competence of university students in education sciences. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSHE-01-2024-0041
- Van Der Hel, S. (2018). Science for change: A survey on the normative and political dimensions of global sustainability research. Global Environmental Change, 52, 248-258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2018.07.005
- van Stigt, R., & Rietbergen, M. (2022). Development of sustainability competencies in a higher education semester program on smart sustainable cities. In Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Higher Education Advances (pp. 405-412). Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/HEAd22.2022.14192
- Vanoye-Garcia, A. Y., & Menchaca-Torre, H. L. (2024). Developing sustainability competencies in engineering students through problem-based learning in fluid mechanics. In Proceedings of the 2024 World Engineering Education Forum-Global Engineering Deans Council (pp. 1-6). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/WEEF-GEDC63419.2024.10854921
- Vasconcelos, C., Silva, J., Calheiros, C. S., Mikusiński, G., Iwińska, K., Skaltsa, I. G., & Krakowska, K. (2022). Teaching sustainable development goals to university students: A cross-country case-based study. Sustainability, 14(3), Article 1593. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14031593
- Vesterinen, M., & Ratinen, I. (2024). Sustainability competences in primary school education–a systematic literature review. Environmental Education Research, 30(1), 56-67. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504622.2023.2170984
- Waltner, E. M., Rieß, W., & Mischo, C. (2019). Development and validation of an instrument for measuring student sustainability competencies. Sustainability, 11(6), Article 1717. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11061717
- Watson, J. C. (2017). Establishing evidence for internal structure using exploratory factor analysis. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 50(4), 232-238. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481756.2017.1336931
- Widiyawati, Y. (2020). Global warming & climate change: Integration of socio-scientific issues to enhance scientific literacy. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1511, Article 012071. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1511/1/012071
- Wiek, A., & Redman, A. (2022). What do key competencies in sustainability offer and how to use them. In P. Vare, N. Lausselet, & M. Rieckmann (Eds.), Competences in education for sustainable development. Sustainable development goals series (pp. 27-34). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-91055-6_4
- Xu, L., Yu, T., Leng, X., Yu, T., Scherrenberg, M., Falter, M., Kaihara, T., Kizilcik, S. E., Van Erum, H., Kindermans, H., Dendale, P., Tong, Q., & Li, F. (2024). Validity and reliability of the Chinese version of digital health readiness questionnaire among hypertension patients in rural areas of China. Digital Health, 10, Article 20552076231216604. https://doi.org/10.1177/20552076231216604
- Yang, F., Qiao, Y., Hajek, P., & Abedin, M. Z. (2024). Enhancing cardiovascular risk assessment with advanced data balancing and domain knowledge-driven explainability. Expert Systems with Applications, 255, Article 124886. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2024.124886
- Yendi, F. M., Firman, F., Syukur, Y., Ifdil, I., & Putra, A. H. (2025). Academic self-efficacy and aspiration goals among Muslim high school students: The role of problem-solving and self-awareness. Islamic Guidance and Counseling Journal, 8(2). https://doi.org/10.25217/0020258593400
- Yogindra, P. G., & Vijaya, G. S. (2022). A systematic literature review of strategic partnership in sustainable supply chain-Indian aerospace industries. ECS Transactions, 107(1), 2315. https://doi.org/10.1149/10701.2315ecst
- Zakaria, N. A., Mahbob, M. H., & Jahori, R. (2024). The formation of strategic planning measurement instrument: An exploratory factor analysis approach. Jurnal Komunikasi: Malaysian Journal of Communication, 40(3), 168-185. https://doi.org/10.17576/JKMJC-2024-4003-10
- Zapico, J. L. (2014). Blinded by data: The risks of the implicit focus on data in ICT for sustainability. In Proccedings of the 2nd International Conference on ICT for Sustainability (pp. 148-154). Bokförlaget Atlantis. https://doi.org/10.2991/ict4s-14.2014.18
- Zarzycki, R. (2025). Critical thinking as a key to competence building in sustainable development. In W. L. Filho, B. Gasparetto Rebelatto, A. Annelin, & G. O. Boström (Eds.), Competence building in sustainable development. World sustainability series (pp. 357-377). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-80380-2_17
- Zhang, G., & Spall, J. C. (2025). Comparative confidence regions using expected and observed fisher information. In Proceedings of the 2025 59th Annual Conference on Information Sciences and Systems (pp. 1-6). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/CISS64860.2025.10944723
- Zhang, G., Chen, P., & Xu, S. (2025). Development and validation of a college organisational sustainability scale. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 26(2), 372-390. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSHE-10-2023-0493
- Zhou, R., Ying, J., & Palomar, D. P. (2022). Covariance matrix estimation under low-rank factor model with nonnegative correlations. IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, 70, 4020-4030. https://doi.org/10.1109/TSP.2022.3193232
- Zikargae, M. H., Woldearegay, A. G., & Skjerdal, T. (2022). Empowering rural society through non-formal environmental education: An empirical study of environment and forest development community projects in Ethiopia. Heliyon, 8(3), Article e09127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09127
- Zilahy, G., & Zsoka, A. (2020). Innovative methods of teaching sustainable development. In Proceedings of the European Society for Engineering Education Conference (pp. 1329-1341). SEFI.
How to cite this article
APA
Pamungkas, S. J., Rohman, F., Al Muhdhar, M. H. I., & Novianti, V. (2026). Developing of the sustainability competencies instrument for pre-service biology teachers. European Journal of Sustainable Development Research, 10(2), em0380. https://doi.org/10.29333/ejosdr/17986
Vancouver
Pamungkas SJ, Rohman F, Al Muhdhar MHI, Novianti V. Developing of the sustainability competencies instrument for pre-service biology teachers. EUR J SUSTAIN DEV RES. 2026;10(2):em0380. https://doi.org/10.29333/ejosdr/17986
AMA
Pamungkas SJ, Rohman F, Al Muhdhar MHI, Novianti V. Developing of the sustainability competencies instrument for pre-service biology teachers. EUR J SUSTAIN DEV RES. 2026;10(2), em0380. https://doi.org/10.29333/ejosdr/17986
Chicago
Pamungkas, Sekar Jati, Fatchur Rohman, Mimien Henie Irawati Al Muhdhar, and Vivi Novianti. "Developing of the sustainability competencies instrument for pre-service biology teachers". European Journal of Sustainable Development Research 2026 10 no. 2 (2026): em0380. https://doi.org/10.29333/ejosdr/17986
Harvard
Pamungkas, S. J., Rohman, F., Al Muhdhar, M. H. I., and Novianti, V. (2026). Developing of the sustainability competencies instrument for pre-service biology teachers. European Journal of Sustainable Development Research, 10(2), em0380. https://doi.org/10.29333/ejosdr/17986
MLA
Pamungkas, Sekar Jati et al. "Developing of the sustainability competencies instrument for pre-service biology teachers". European Journal of Sustainable Development Research, vol. 10, no. 2, 2026, em0380. https://doi.org/10.29333/ejosdr/17986