Sustainability Subjects in University Education - Development of a Comprehensive Indicator System and Quantitative Analysis of Degree Programs at German Universities
Eckard Helmers, Fabienne Ilchmann
EUROPEAN J SUSTAINAB DEV, Volume 3, Issue 4, Article No: em0092
https://doi.org/10.29333/ejosdr/5771
Research Article
[Abstract]
[PDF]
[References]
ABSTRACT
A new comprehensive evaluation system presented here allows to compare and to quantify education for a sustainable development (ESD) in degree programs. The evaluation is based on a criteria system working with three hierarchic levels. The highest level considers a list of 35 indicator terms. Primarily, the two most popular undergraduate (bachelor’s) degree programs in Germany (mechanical engineering, ME, and business administration, BA) have been reviewed for ESD contents based on the new evaluation scheme. Additionally we reviewed and quantified ESD subjects and their temporal changes in the entire bandwidth of degree programs of a university (Umwelt-Campus Birkenfeld, University of Applied Sciences Trier), back to 1999. Moreover, a spot check on international ME and BA bachelor’s degree programs was performed. Through our reviews, we found a high number of elective classes dedicated to ESD particularly in BA bachelor programs. However, the percentage of compulsory classes related to ESD is relatively low with 5-6 % in both ME and BA programs, respectively. The spot check on degree programs outside Germany revealed similar results. Analysing the time trend at Umwelt-Campus Birkenfeld, a considerable share of ESD that was part of the original diploma degrees was moved to what are now master’s degrees.
Keywords: higher education for a sustainable development, ESD, sustainability education, indicator system, time trend, Umwelt-Campus Birkenfeld, bachelor degree programs in business administration and mechanical engineering
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Investigation of Influence of Injector Opening Pressure and Nozzle Geometry on the Performance and Emission Characteristics of DI Diesel Engine with CAOME
Varun Kumar Reddy N, S. G. Sangashetty, Nagaraj Ramalingayya Banapurmath
EUROPEAN J SUSTAINAB DEV, Volume 3, Issue 4, Article No: em0093
https://doi.org/10.29333/ejosdr/5787
Research Article
[Abstract]
[PDF]
[References]
ABSTRACT
The diminution of fossil fuels and stringent pollution norms obliging researchers to search for fuels that result in less pollution and the one that suits to power compressed ignition engines. In the current work the effect IOP (Injector opening pressure) and nozzle geometry on the performance and emission characteristics of diesel engine fueled by Castor oil methyl esters (CAOME) is reported. For a 5-hole nozzle at 240 bar IOP the highest brake power is obtained (27.32%). Peak pressure gradual upturn was observed when the IOP was varied from 210 bar to 240 bar and the peak value of pressure is 79 bar at IOP of 240 bar.
Keywords: inject opening pressure, injection timing, castor oil methyl esters
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A Thermodynamic Study of Rice Husk (Oryza Sativa) Pyrolysis
Adewale George Adeniyi, Temitope Elizabeth Odetoye, James Titiloye, Joshua O. Ighalo
EUROPEAN J SUSTAINAB DEV, Volume 3, Issue 4, Article No: em0094
https://doi.org/10.29333/ejosdr/5830
Research Article
[Abstract]
[PDF]
[References]
ABSTRACT
Rice (Oryza sativa) is one of the major agricultural products of tropical West Africa in general and Nigeria in particular. In this study ASPEN plus V8.8 was used to develop a thermodynamic model for the pyrolysis of rice husk. The model was validated and found to be accurate especially on the domain of oil and gas yields. It was used to study the effect of temperature on the product yield and oil composition. The fluid products increase with temperature and an optimum of 60% can be obtained from rice husk. The optimum oil yield was 44.2% obtained at 400°C. The synthesis gas was composed basically of hydrogen gas, methane and traces of higher hydrocarbons, the char consisted of carbon and silicon oxide ash while the oil was made-up of acidic organic compounds, aldehydes, pyrolytic water and others. At 600°C, the predictions revealed an oil composition of 84.7% acids, 7.9% pyrolytic water, 7.42% aldehyde and traces of alcohol and other compounds. The results from the thermodynamic predictions showed that rice husk is an excellent feedstock for the biofuels production via the thermo-chemical energy conversion route. The study has provided a useful framework for proper comparisons of the energy potential between different biomass feedstock.
Keywords: rice husk, pyrolysis, Aspen, simulation, thermodynamics, bio-oil, modelling
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Effects of Combustion Vestibule Configuration on the Competence, Emissions and Combustion attributes of Direct Injection Diesel Prime Mover Powered with Diesel and Corn Oil Methyl Ester (CROME)
M. R. Indudhar, N. R. Banapurmath, K. Govinda Rajulu
EUROPEAN J SUSTAINAB DEV, Volume 3, Issue 4, Article No: em0095
https://doi.org/10.29333/ejosdr/5831
Research Article
[Abstract]
[PDF]
[References]
ABSTRACT
Combustion processes and emissions attributes squarely depend on combustion vestibule volume shapes relative to injector jet directions and cone angles. For injectors with more number of holes, these parameters change and may result in enhanced performance. By this we can make the gases to flow in different patterns compared to conventional engine and can anticipate higher brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and reduced emanations to meet stringent norms. Hence to optimize combustion chamber shapes (CCS) and vary squish, appropriate injection strategies are essential. In this occasion lab probes were conducted on a single cylinder four stroke open or induction swirl diesel engine using corn oil methyl ester (CROME) as fuel. For this variety of CCS were designed and manufactured. Injector with 6 numbers of hole and 0.2 mm orifice size was used to check its effects on the biodiesel powered engine. The suitable engine available was having Hemispherical Bowl Piston (HBP). To probe the effects of other CCS on the performance of diesel engine, Cylindrical Bowl Piston (CBP), Toroidal Bowl Piston (TBP) and Toroidal Re-entrant Bowl Piston (RBP) vestibule volume shapes were manufactured keeping ratio of compression same. For 100% replacement of diesel by biodiesel the injection pressures and injection timings tested were in the range of 210 bar to 250 bar and 19°bTDC to 27°bTDC which are based on our previous research works on other biodiesels. But the performance was maximised for 240 bar and 27°bTDC for all CCS which is reported in this paper. Engine variables such as fuel flow rate, brake power, torque, and temperature of exhaust smoke, combustion variables such as rate of heat release (HRR), peak pressure (PP), ignition delay (ID), combustion duration (CD), and exhaust emissions such as smoke opacity, HC, CO, and NOx, were measured. Results obtained with RBP shape and for CROME with 6 number of hole injector concluded in overall ameliorated competence with lesser emission levels of CO, HC and smoke, but NOx was almost same as that of diesel. Also reduced ID, CD and increased PP resulted in decreased burning time loss (BTL) increasing competence. Hence this research work shows that the CROME is also compatible and capable of replacing diesel in a diesel engine efficiently.
Keywords: biodiesel, corn oil, CROME, emissions, combustion vestibule volume shapes, squish, swirl, injector, injection time, injector pressure, combustion parameters
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Numerical Simulation of Wind Impacts on Building Blocks: Towards Sustainable Architecture Strategies
Abdollah Baghaei Daemei, Roya Aeinehvand, Mostafa Kazemi, Elham Mehrinejad Khotbehsara
EUROPEAN J SUSTAINAB DEV, Volume 3, Issue 4, Article No: em0096
https://doi.org/10.29333/ejosdr/5859
Research Article
[Abstract]
[PDF]
[References]
ABSTRACT
The study of wind behavior around tall buildings is a critical issue in architectural and structural design. Therefore, Tall modern buildings are extremely sensitive to the wind. Thus, the assessment of wind loads to design these buildings is essential. Monitoring the wind, which is forcing extraordinary tall buildings is highly challenging. By looking at recent constructions in Iran, it is obvious that despite the fact that constructing tall buildings is spreading, there is less concentration on environmental factors such as wind’s aerodynamic. The purpose of this study is to introduce a theoretical framework. Hence, by using CFD simulation, investigating on wind speed in various regions of the tall-triangular building have been focused. Finally, Autodesk Flow Design 2014 software is utilized to present a CFD simulation of a building model with a triangular footprint, Rounded Corner aerodynamic correction, and Set-back aerodynamic form. These simulations have been looking forward to finding out about how can aerodynamic forms affect pressure zone reduction in buildings and reduce wind flow pattern in urban regions.
Keywords: numerical simulation, wind impacts, tall buildings, sustainable design, architecture strategies
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Assessment of Carbonised Wood-Flour Fillers on the Mechanical Properties of Natural Rubber Vulcanisates
Kevin Shegun Otoikhian, Adewale George Adeniyi, Ayo Mark Dada, Joshua O. Ighalo
EUROPEAN J SUSTAINAB DEV, Volume 3, Issue 4, Article No: em0097
https://doi.org/10.29333/ejosdr/5860
Research Article
[Abstract]
[PDF]
[References]
ABSTRACT
In view of the need to enhance the mechanical properties of vulcanisates, this study evaluated the potentials of carbonised wood-flour in this regard. Samples of wood-flour were carbonised at 600 ℃ and 700 ℃. The characterisation results revealed an increase in the pH (7.14 to 8.99) and loss on ignition (76.32 to 82.04%) of the carbonised wood-flour with increase in the carbonisation temperature. There was also a significant decrease in moisture content (0.21 to 0.15%) and bulk density (0.63 to 0.51 g/ml) with increasing temperature. The mechanical properties of the carbonised wood-flour filled vulcanisates were improved in the domain of tensile strength (6.08 to 10.38 MPa and 7.19 to 12.65 MPa), tensile modulus (2.53 to 3.78 MPa and 2.68 to 3.96 MPa) and hardness (48.25 to 60.55 Shore A and 50.88 to 63.92 Shore A) as carbonisation temperature increases from 600 ℃ to 700 ℃ respectively. Meanwhile, other properties investigated decreased with increased filler loading and carbonisation temperature and these were EAB (501.03 to 312.58% and 460.28 to 309.56%), compression set (18.43 to 12.07% and 15.35 to 8.99%), abrasion resistance (28.65 to 20.53% and 38.24 to 23.06%) and flex fatigue (8.02 to 5.84% and 8.63 to 6.04%) from 600 ℃ to 700 ℃ respectively. The results revealed that carbonised wood-flour is an excellent filler for natural rubber vulcanisates to improve the mechanical properties for specialised applications.
Keywords: rubber, wood-flour, vulcanisates, fillers, carbonisation
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