Global climate action toward net-zero emissions: Pathways, technologies, challenges, and future directions
Hamed Kioumarsi 1 * , Marc A. Rosen 2 , Bahareh Rafiei 3 , Zary Shariman Yahaya 4 , Reza Naseri Harsini 1 , Hanif Amrulloh 5 , Hassan Gholipour Fereidouni 6
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1 Animal Science Research Department, Gilan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Rasht, IRAN2 University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, ON, CANADA3 Plant Protection Research Department, Gilan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Rasht, IRAN4 School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, MALAYSIA5 Universitas Ma’arif Lampung, Metro, INDONESIA6 School of Business, Western Sydney University, Parramatta, NSW, AUSTRALIA* Corresponding Author

Abstract

The review presents a thorough overview of international climate change initiatives which include specific methods to achieve net-zero greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The study assesses climate change scientific evidence by explaining why net-zero targets need to be achieved and it examines major international climate action frameworks and policy mechanisms. The article investigates new technologies which help decrease carbon emissions throughout various essential industrial areas while describing current methods to measure progress and assess climate change initiatives. The study examines multiple factors which prevent organizations from reaching net-zero emissions targets by investigating policy uncertainty technological constraints, and financial limitations and equity considerations. The study investigates how agriculture and animal husbandry activities generate GHG emissions while showing which climate-smart solutions and technological advancements and improved governance practices can help reduce emissions. The review establishes essential research areas which require further study because integrated cross-sectoral strategies need to achieve both mitigation and sustainable development goals. The article presents multiple future climate options which will help policymakers and industry leaders and stakeholders reach international climate targets while creating a sustainable transition system for net-zero emissions.

License

This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Article Type: Review Article

EUR J SUSTAIN DEV RES, Volume 10, Issue 3, 2026, Article No: em0407

https://doi.org/10.29333/ejosdr/18611

Publication date: 01 Jul 2026

Online publication date: 26 May 2026

Article Views: 10

Article Downloads: 6

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