EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH
Research Article
Jul 26, 2022 77 40

Transposed Second-Generation Environmental Kuznets Curve, Changing Climate Patterns, and Selected Development Indicators

Chukwuemeka Amaefule 1 * ,
Ijeoma Emele Kalu 1,
Sylvester Udeorah 1,
Igwe Justice Ibeabuchi 2,
Sunday Oluwafiropo Adeola 2,
Lawrence Oghenemaro Ebelebe 3
1 Department of Economics, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, NIGERIA2 Ignatius Ajuru University of Education, Port Harcourt, NIGERIA3 International Trade and Development, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, NIGERIA* Corresponding Author
European Journal of Sustainable Development Research, 2022, 6(4), em0199, https://doi.org/10.21601/ejosdr/12274
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ABSTRACT

This paper examined the impact of changing climate patterns (represented by square and cubic CO2 emissions) on selected development drivers (proxy by gross domestic product [GDP] per capita [GDPC] and official development assistance [ODA]). Environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) provided the theoretical backdrop of this study, referred to as the core second-generation EKC (SGEKC) hypothesis. SGEKC was modified to obtain the transposed SGEKC. The transposed SGEKC was conceptualized based on the one-way criticism of the EKC. An unbalanced PMG (ARDL) method was utilized to investigate the impact of the changing climate patterns on GDPPC–(to capture EKC hypothesis) and ODA–(to capture pollution haven hypothesis) in the West African Monetary Zone (WAMZ). This study, therefore, leveraged data from world development indicators between 1970 and 2019. The result showed that the one-way impact of CO2 emissions on GDPC has a long-run N-shaped. The outcome of the GDPC model (in the transposed SGEKC hypothesis) is consistent with the core SGEKC hypothesis. On the other hand, the impact of CO2 emissions on the ODA showed an inverted N-shaped in the long run. The inverted N-shaped relationship does not support pollution-haven hypothesis in the long-run. The results, therefore, imply that the changing climate patterns have a more disruptive impact on income per capita and less on ODA. In the short-run, the result showed the existence of an inverted-N and N-shapes for GDPC (SGEKC does not hold) and ODA (presence of pollution haven) respectively. In conclusion, changing climate patterns present a long-run threat to the economy of WAMZ which in turn could disrupt economic agents’ interactions, de-optimize economic aggregates and economic equilibrium, as well as negatively affect the attainment of a long-run regional development objectives. This study recommends that WAMZ’s government(s) should fast-track the implementation of robust carbon pricing mechanism and abatement policy that would enable climate mitigation policy, improve the regions nationally determined contributions (NDCs) targets, and insulate the economies from policy uncertainty associated with climate change.

KEYWORDS

climate change development environmental Kuznets curve climate patterns West African Monetary Zone (WAMZ) transposed SGEKC UN Secretary-General Antonio Guterres pollution haven hypothesis

CITATION (APA)

Amaefule, C., Kalu, I. E., Udeorah, S., Ibeabuchi, I. J., Adeola, S. O., & Ebelebe, L. O. (2022). Transposed Second-Generation Environmental Kuznets Curve, Changing Climate Patterns, and Selected Development Indicators. European Journal of Sustainable Development Research, 6(4), em0199. https://doi.org/10.21601/ejosdr/12274
Harvard
Amaefule, C., Kalu, I. E., Udeorah, S., Ibeabuchi, I. J., Adeola, S. O., and Ebelebe, L. O. (2022). Transposed Second-Generation Environmental Kuznets Curve, Changing Climate Patterns, and Selected Development Indicators. European Journal of Sustainable Development Research, 6(4), em0199. https://doi.org/10.21601/ejosdr/12274
Vancouver
Amaefule C, Kalu IE, Udeorah S, Ibeabuchi IJ, Adeola SO, Ebelebe LO. Transposed Second-Generation Environmental Kuznets Curve, Changing Climate Patterns, and Selected Development Indicators. EUR J SUSTAIN DEV RES. 2022;6(4):em0199. https://doi.org/10.21601/ejosdr/12274
AMA
Amaefule C, Kalu IE, Udeorah S, Ibeabuchi IJ, Adeola SO, Ebelebe LO. Transposed Second-Generation Environmental Kuznets Curve, Changing Climate Patterns, and Selected Development Indicators. EUR J SUSTAIN DEV RES. 2022;6(4), em0199. https://doi.org/10.21601/ejosdr/12274
Chicago
Amaefule, Chukwuemeka, Ijeoma Emele Kalu, Sylvester Udeorah, Igwe Justice Ibeabuchi, Sunday Oluwafiropo Adeola, and Lawrence Oghenemaro Ebelebe. "Transposed Second-Generation Environmental Kuznets Curve, Changing Climate Patterns, and Selected Development Indicators". European Journal of Sustainable Development Research 2022 6 no. 4 (2022): em0199. https://doi.org/10.21601/ejosdr/12274
MLA
Amaefule, Chukwuemeka et al. "Transposed Second-Generation Environmental Kuznets Curve, Changing Climate Patterns, and Selected Development Indicators". European Journal of Sustainable Development Research, vol. 6, no. 4, 2022, em0199. https://doi.org/10.21601/ejosdr/12274

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