How Can We Achieve the UN Sustainable Development Goals?
Marc A. Rosen
European Journal of Sustainable Development Research, Volume 1, Issue 2, Article No: 6
https://doi.org/10.20897/ejosdr.201706
Editorial
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ABSTRACT
With the approval of the UN Sustainable Development Goals comes several questions. How can we
implement the UN Sustainable Development Goals at the national level? Must every country adopt and
expend effort at achieving all of the goals? Or is it more suitable for countries to tailor the UN Sustainable
Development Goals to the situations and priorities in their countries? The spirit of the agreement is reflected
in the latter approach which, I feel, is the only practical way forward, if meaningful progress is to be made.
To demonstrate this, an illustrative example is presented, describing the federal approach taken to achieving
a sustainable future in one country, Canada.
Keywords: sustainable development, UN sustainable development goals, sustainable development strategy, Canada, sustainability
Effect of Hydrogen and Hydrogen Enriched Compressed Natural Gas Induction on the Performance of Rubber Seed Oil Methy Ester Fuelled Common Rail Direct Injection (CRDi) Dual Fuel Engines
Mallikarjun Bhovi, N. R. Banapurmath, S. V. Khandal, V. S. Yaliwal
European Journal of Sustainable Development Research, Volume 1, Issue 2, Article No: 7
https://doi.org/10.20897/ejosdr.201707
Research Article
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ABSTRACT
Renewable fuels are in biodegradable nature and they tender good energy security and foreign exchange
savings. In addition they address environmental concerns and socio-economic issues. The present work
presents the experimental investigations carried out on the utilization of such renewable fuel combinations
for diesel engine applications. For this a single-cylinder four-stroke water cooled direct injection (DI)
compression ignition (CI) engine provided with CMFIS (Conventional Mechanical Fuel Injection System)
was rightfully converted to operate with CRDi injection systems enabling high pressure injection of Rubber
seed oil methyl ester (RuOME) in the dual fuel mode with induction of varied gas flow rates of hydrogen
and hydrogen enriched CNG (HCNG) gas combinations. Experimental investigations showed a
considerable improvement in dual fuel engine performance with acceptable brake thermal efficiency and
reduced emissions of smoke, hydrocarbon (HC), carbon monoxide (CO) and slightly increased nitric oxide
(NOx) emission levels for increased hydrogen and HCNG flow rates. Further CRDi facilitated dual fuel
engine showed improved engine performance compared to CMFIS as the former enabled high pressure
(900 bar) injection of the RuOME and closer to TDC (Top Dead Centre) as well. Combustion parameters
such as ignition delay, combustion duration, pressure-crank angle and heat release rates were analyzed and
compared with baseline data generated. Combustion analysis showed that the rapid rate of burning of
hydrogen and HCNG along with air mixtures increased due to presence of hydrogen in total and in partial
combination with CNG which further resulted into higher cylinder pressures and energy release rates.
However, sustained research that can provide feasible engine technology operating on such fuels in dual
fuel operation can pave the way for continued fossil fuel usage.
Keywords: rubber oil methyl ester (RuOME), dual-fuel engine, flow rate, emissions, carburetor
Energy and Exergy Based Optimization of Licl-Water Absorption Cooling System
Bhargav Pandya, Jatin Patel, Vinay Kumar, Vijay Matawala
European Journal of Sustainable Development Research, Volume 1, Issue 2, Article No: 8
https://doi.org/10.20897/ejosdr.201708
Research Article
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ABSTRACT
This study presents thermodynamic analysis and optimization of single effect LiCl-H2O absorption cooling
system. Thermodynamic models are employed in engineering equation solver to compute the optimum
performance parameters. In this study, cut off temperature to operate system has been obtained at various
operating temperatures. Analysis depicts that on 3.59 % rise in evaporator temperature, the required cut-off
temperature decreased by 12.51%. By realistic comparison between thermodynamic first and second law
analysis, optimum generator temperature relative to energy and exergy based prospective has been evaluated.
It is found that optimum generator temperature is strong function of evaporator and condenser
temperature. Thus, it is feasible to find out optimum generator temperature for various combinations of
evaporator and condenser temperatures. Contour plots of optimum generator temperature for several
combinations of condenser and absorber temperatures have been also depicted.
Keywords: LiCl-H2O, COP, Exergy, Optimization, Generator temperature
Regulation of Nanorefrigerant Use: A Proactive Measure Against Possible Undesirable Health and Environmental Implications
Nnamdi V. Ogueke, Nwabueze Emekwuru
European Journal of Sustainable Development Research, Volume 1, Issue 2, Article No: 9
https://doi.org/10.20897/ejosdr.201709
Research Article
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ABSTRACT
Recent research studies have shown the very high potentials nanotechnology application has in the
refrigeration and air conditioning industry for improving the thermophysical properties of refrigerants and
lubricants hence leading to systems with higher COP and much reduced size. The successes achieved with
nanorefrigerants are connected to the improved technology for the preparation of nanofluids that has led
to achieving more homogeneous and stable mixture of the base fluid and nanoparticle. However, available
literatures point to the fact that nanoparticles can find its way into the human cells and as such is a potential
health risk for humans and animals. At present, emphasis appears to concentrate more on the technological
successes achieved with nanorefrigerants, like improved thermal conductivity, nucleate boiling and boiling
heat transfer coefficient without factoring in much the potential health implications of adopting it. This
paper therefore looked at the potential health consequences of adopting nanotechnology and called for an
early regulatory framework to guard against any unforeseen health issues. Areas of future research were also
suggested.
Keywords: nanorefrigerant, nanolubricant, regulation, health, environmental
Investigating Differential Learning Outcomes of Students in Physics Using Animation and Textual Information Teaching Strategies in Ondo State Secondary School
Blessing Eguabor, Ademola Moruf Adeleke
European Journal of Sustainable Development Research, Volume 1, Issue 2, Article No: 10
https://doi.org/10.20897/ejosdr.201710
Research Article
[Abstract]
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[References]
ABSTRACT
Background
The study investigated the main effects of animation information and textual information on students' performance and improving students' attitude towards physics.
Material and methods
The study adopted the pre-test post-test control group design. The population was made up of SSS 2 students in Ondo State. Three Local Government Areas were randomly selected from the 18 Local Government Areas of Ondo State. Simple random technique was used to select three schools in the selected Local Government Areas. The schools were randomly assigned to two experimental groups namely animation and, textual information strategy and one control group. Two instruments were used for the study.
Results
One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), Scheffe Post-Hoc pair-wise comparison Analysis, and two-way Analysis of Variance was used. The results showed that there was a significant main effect of animation and textual strategies on students performance in physics. The results also showed that there was a significant difference in the post test attitudinal score of students' exposed to the strategies with the effectiveness in the order of animation, textual, and conventional strategies
Conclusions
The study concluded that computer- based instruction such as animation and textual strategies could enhance learning outcomes in Physics in senior secondary school irrespective of students' sex.
Keywords: bibliotherapy, literature and picture books, mathematics confidence, STEM
REFERENCES
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Rapid Urban Growth and Land Use Patterns in Doha, Qatar: Opportunities for Sustainability?
Vivek Shandas, Yasuyo Makido, Salim Ferwati
European Journal of Sustainable Development Research, Volume 1, Issue 2, Article No: 11
https://doi.org/10.20897/ejosdr.201711
Research Article
[Abstract]
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ABSTRACT
Amidst chaotic growth of Asian cities, the expansion of urban infrastructure in the Middle East's Gulf
region is arguably outpacing any other region on the planet. Yet we have a limited understanding of the
types of urban form or the extent to which this rapid urbanization is giving rise to sustainable patterns of
growth. We ask, what is the pace and character of urban growth in one Middle East city, Doha, Qatar. By
using remotely sensed imagery from 1987 to 2013, we examined the pace, quality, and characteristics of
urban growth. We further use the results to create a typology of urban growth that integrates historical and
spatial dimensions for describing the qualitative aspects of growth and its implications on regional
landscapes. Our results suggest that Doha is creating development patterns similar to many Western cities,
and that planners may need to consider whether the emerging urban form offers opportunities for more
sustainable growth in the future.
Keywords: rapid urbanization, development pattern, remote sensing, Doha, Qatar
Preliminary Assessment of Noise Pollution Prevention in Wind Turbines Based on an Exergy Approach
Ofelia A. Jianu, Marc A. Rosen
European Journal of Sustainable Development Research, Volume 1, Issue 2, Article No: 12
https://doi.org/10.20897/ejosdr.201712
Research Article
[Abstract]
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ABSTRACT
Most existing methods for energy transformation and use are inadvertently contaminating our water supplies, releasing greenhouse gasses into the atmosphere, emitting compounds that diminish the earth's protective blanket of ozone, and depleting the earth's crust of natural resources. As a result, scientists and engineers are increasingly pursuing sustainable technologies so that costs associated with global warming can be minimized and adverse impact on living organisms can be prevented. A promising sustainable method is to harness energy from the wind via wind turbines. However, the noise generated by wind turbines proves to be one of the most significant hindrances to the extensive use of wind turbines. In this study, noise generation produced by flow over objects is investigated to characterize the noise generated due to flow-structure interaction and aeroacoustics. As a benchmark, flow over a cylinder has been chosen for this study, with the aim of correlating three main characteristics in noise generation. Hence, the generated sound pressure level, exergy destroyed and the normal flow velocity (∪ ∞) are employed to characterize the system in order to relate the exergy destruction to the noise generated in the flow. The correlation has the potential to be used in wind turbine designs to minimize noise pollution due to aerodynamic noise.
Keywords: wind energy, wind turbine, noise reduction, aerodynamic noise, sound pressure level, exergy destruction
Performance Characterization of Gas-Solid Cyclone for Separation of Particle from Syngas Produced from Food Waste Gasifier Plant
Osezua O. Ibhadode, Emmanuel O. B. Ogedengbe, Marc A. Rosen
European Journal of Sustainable Development Research, Volume 1, Issue 2, Article No: 13
https://doi.org/10.20897/ejosdr.201713
Research Article
[Abstract]
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[References]
ABSTRACT
A biofuel from any biodegradable formation process such as a food waste bio-digester plant is a mixture of several
gases such as methane (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), ammonia (NH3) and impurities like
water and dust particles. The results are reported of a parametric study of the process of separation of methane,
which is the most important gas in the mixture and usable as a biofuel, from particles and H2S. A cyclone, which
is a conventional, economic and simple device for gas-solid separation, is considered based on the modification of
three Texas A&M cyclone designs (1D2D, 2D2D and 1D3D) by the inclusion of an air inlet tube. A parametric
sizing is performed of the cyclone for biogas purification, accounting for the separation of hydrogen sulfide (H2S)
and dust particles from the biofuel. The stochiometric oxidation of H2S to form elemental sulphur is considered a
useful cyclone design criterion. The proposed design includes geometric parameters and several criteria for
quantifying the performance of cyclone separators such as the Lapple Model for minimum particle diameter
collected, collection efficiency and pressure drop. For biogas volumetric flow rates between 0 and 1 m/s and inlet
flow velocities of 12 m/s, 15 m/s and 18 m/s for the 1D2D, 2D2D and 1D3D cyclones, respectively, it is observed
that the 2D2D configuration is most economic in terms of sizing (total height and diameter of cyclone). The 1D2D
configuration experiences the lowest pressure drop. A design algorithm coupled with a user-friendly graphics
interface is developed on the MATLAB platform, providing a tool for sizing and designing suitable cyclones.
Keywords: bibliotherapy, literature and picture books, mathematics confidence, STEM
REFERENCES
- Babarinsa, O., Ogedengbe, E.O.B. and Rosen, M.A. (2014). Mixing Performance of a Suspended Stirrer for Homogenizing Biodegradable Food Waste from Eatery Centers. Sustainability, vol. 6, pp. 5555-5565.
- Benitez, J.R. (1993). Process Engineering and Design for Air Pollution Control. Prentice Hall, pp. 334-339.
- Casal, J. and Martinez-Benet, J.M. (1983). A better way to calculate cyclone pressure drop. Chemical Engineering Progress, pp. 99-100.
- Coker, J.K. (1993). Understand Cyclone Design. Chemical Engineering Progress, pp. 51-55.
- Fodora, M., Gadus, J., Marecek, J. and Vitez, T. (2013). Design of Laboratory Cyclone Separator for Biogas Purification. Acta Universitatis Agriculturae Et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis, vol. 61, no. 3, pp. 631-635.
- Funk, P.A. and Baker, K.D. (2013). Engineering and Ginning: Dust Cyclone Technology - A Literature Review. The Journal of Cotton Science, vol. 17, pp. 40-51.
- Galante, C.G., Pezzola, L., Priano, N., Scaramellini, S. and Sottocornola, A. (2012). Methane from biogas; the process, cleaning and projects. Semester Project, Department of Petroleum Engineering and Geophysics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim. pp. 1-20.
- Hoffmann, A.C. and Stein, L.E. (2002). Gas Cyclones and Swirl Tubes: Principles, Design and Operation. New York: Springer Science & Business Media, pp. 277-334.
- Kim, H.T., Lee, K.W. and Kuhlman, M.R. (2001). Exploratory design modifcations for enhancing cyclone performance. Journal of Aerosol Science, vol. 32, pp. 1135-1146.
- Kuo, K.Y. and Tsai, C.J. (2001). On the Theory of Particle Cutoff Diameter and Collection Efficiency of Cyclones. Aerosol and Air Quality Research, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 47-56.
- National Programme Technology Enhanced Learning (NPTEL). (2015). Separation Equipments: General Design considerations of cyclone separators, centrifuges, separation equipments. Available: nptel.ac.in/courses/103103027/21. [Accessed 1 May 2015].
- Nazaroff, W.W., Alvarez-Cohen, L., Mihelcic, J.R. and Zimmerman, J.B. (2013). Gaseous Emission-Control Technologies (Air-Quality Technology). Available: http://engineering.dartmouth.edu/~d30345d/courses/engs37/. [Accessed 29 April 2015].
- Ogedengbe, E.O.B. and Rosen, M.A. (2012). Electro-Kinetic Pumping with Slip Irreversibility in Heat Exchange of CSP-Powered Bio-Digester Assemblies. Entropy, vol. 14, pp. 2439-2455.
- Pandya, D. (2010). A low cost micro scale scyclone separator design and computational fluid dynamics analysis. Masters Thesis, Aerospace Engineering, University of Texas at Arlington, pp. 1-63.
- Park, K., Hong, C.H., Han, J.W., Kim, B.S., Park, C.S. and Kwon, O.K. (2012). The Effect of Cyclone Shape and Dust Collector on Gas-Solid Flow and Performance. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, vol. 6, pp. 217-222.
- Shepherd, C.B. and Lapple, C.E. (1939). Air Pollution Control: A Design Approach In Cyclones, 2nd ed., D. C. Cooper and F. C. Alley, Eds., Illinois: Woveland Press Inc, pp. 127-139.
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- Wang, L. (2004). Theoretical Study of Cyclone Design. Doctoral Dissertation, Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Texas A & M University, pp. 1-136.
- Wang, L., Buser, M.D., Parnell, C.B. and Shaw, B.W. (2003). Effect of air density on cyclone performance and system design. American Society of Agricultural Engineers, vol. 46, no. 4, pp. 1193-1201.
A Study of the New Environmental Paradigm Scale in the Context of Iran
Fahimeh Hosseinnezhad
European Journal of Sustainable Development Research, Volume 1, Issue 2, Article No: 14
https://doi.org/10.20897/ejosdr.201714
Research Article
[Abstract]
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[References]
ABSTRACT
Industrial and technological change and increased urbanization has altered the face of nature. And nature is
being consumed in the production of material goods. Environmental crises such as the condition of Lake
Urumieh in north western Iran demonstrates that unregulated use of the natural environment disrupts
ecosystems that threaten the survival of plant species, animals and humans. Environmental crises can be
facilitated by human's inappropriate activities that occurs as the result of people's attitude to the
environment. The aim of this paper is a revision of the New Environmental Paradigm and an evaluation
on the NEP scale of the citizens of Tabriz. Results of exploration of related factors determined four
dimensions, while evaluations determined by the Dunlap and Van Liere scale showed five dimensions.
Average for the factor of citizen attitude in protecting the environment was determined as moderate. Also,
there was difference for averages for the factor of citizen attitude to the environment according to gender.
Results showed that women had a more supportive attitude than did men. The relationship between factors
of education and economic prosperity to the environmental attitude is being shown a more supportive
attitude to the environment under conditions of higher-level education and economic prosperity. Regression
analysis showed that education explains approximately eleven percent of variance in terms of environmental
attitude.
Keywords: environmental attitude, new environmental paradigm scale, education
REFERENCES
- Anderson, Mark. W., (2012). The New Ecological Paradigm, NEP Scale. The Berkshire Encyclopedia of Sustainability: Measurements, Indicators and Research Methods for Sustainability, pp. 260-262.
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- Dunlap, Riley. Van Liere, Kent. Mertig, Angela & Emmet Jones, Robert (2000). Measuring Endorsement of the New Ecological Paradigm: A Revised NEP Scale. In Journal of Social Issues, vol. 56, no. 3, pp. 425–442.
- Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (2005). The influence of attitudes on behavior. The handbook of attitudes, 173-222.
- Franzen, A. & Meyer, R. (2008). Environmental Attitudes in Cross-National Perspective: A Multilevel Analysis of the ISSP 1993 and 2000. European Sociological Review, Published by Oxford University Press.
- Huber, J. (2002). Environmental Sociology in Search of Profile. Soziologie, Forum der Deutschen Gesellschaft Fur Soziologie, Heft 3, pp. 23-36.
- Humphrey, C. Lewis, T. and Buttel, F. (2002). Environment, Energy and Society: A New Synthesis, Wadsworth Publacation.
- Kaiser, F., Wolfing, S. and Fuhrer, U. (1999). Environmental Attitude and Ecological Behavior. Journal of Environmental Psychology, vol 19.
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- Kopnina, H., (2011). Qualitative Revision of the New Ecological Paradigm (NEP) Scale for children. International Journal of Environmental Research, Tehran University, Iran: vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 1025-1034.
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Different Injection Strategies to Enhance the Performance of Diesel Engine Powered with Biodiesel Fuels
S. V. Khandal, N. R. Banapurmath, V. N. Gaitonde
European Journal of Sustainable Development Research, Volume 1, Issue 2, Article No: 15
https://doi.org/10.20897/ejosdr.201715
Research Article
[Abstract]
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ABSTRACT
The compression ignition (CI) engines are most efficient and robust but they rely on depleting fossil fuel. Hence there is a speedy need to use alternative fuels that replaces diesel and at the same time engine should yield better performance. Accordingly, honge oil methyl ester (BHO) and cotton seed oil methyl ester (BCO) were selected as an alternative fuel to power CI engine in the study. In the first part, this paper aims to evaluate best fuel injection timing (IT) and injector opening pressure (IOP) for the biodiesel fuels (BDF). The combustion chamber (CC) used for the study is toriodal re-entrant (TRCC). The experimental tests showed that BHO and BCO yielded overall better performance at IT of 19° before top dead centre (bTDC) and IOP of 240 bar. In the second part, the effect of number of holes on the performance of BDF powered CI engine was studied keeping optimized IT and IOP. The six-hole injector with 0.2 mm injector orifice diameter yielded better performance compared to other injectors of different holes and size tested.
Keywords: Honge biodiesel (BHO), Cotton seed biodiesel (BCO), Toriodal Re-entrant Combustion Chamber (TRCC), number of holes, performance