European Journal of Sustainable Development Research

European Journal of Sustainable Development Research, 2020 - Volume 4 Issue 4, Article No: em0132
https://doi.org/10.29333/ejosdr/8302

Published Online: 24 May 2020

Views: 623 | Downloads: 307

The aim of this study was to investigate the potential of Luffa Cylindrica fibers in a biomass packed bed for the treatment of paint industry effluent before releasing into the environment. The fibers were modified by mercerisation in 0.5M NaOH for 24 h. Both modified and unmodified fibers were characterised using Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). A biomass packed bed was prepared for the study with a packing factor of 0.0617 and 0.0550 for the modified and unmodified fibers respectively. Measured parameters were the pH, colour, total dissolved solids (TDS), total suspended solids (TSS), dissolved oxygen (DO), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD). Negative findings were achieved for TSS, DO and COD whilst positive findings were achieved for pH, colour, TDS and BOD. The extended residence time of 48 h was only of advantage for colour and BOD removal. In the domain of the positive results, the untreated fibers achieved 35% colour reduction, 5% TDS reduction and 77% BOD reduction all in 2 h. The treated fibers achieved 35% colour reduction in 30 minutes, 32.5% TDS reduction in 2 h and 82% BOD reduction in 30 minutes. The fibers treated with NaOH performed better in all indices where positive results were achieved except for pH. Luffa cylindrica fibres can be used as effective packing material in a biomass filter for the treatment of paint industry effluent before releasing into the environment based on WHO limits.

biomass industrial effluent Luffa Cylindrica mercerisation packed bed

• Adeniyi, A. G., Ighalo, J. O. and Onifade, D. V. (2019a). Banana and plantain fiber reinforced polymer composites. Journal of Polymer Engineering, 39, 597-611. https://doi.org/10.1515/polyeng-2019-0085
• Adeniyi, A. G., Ighalo, J. O. and Onifade, D. V. (2020). Biochar from the Thermochemical Conversion of Orange (Citrus sinensis) Peel and Albedo: Product Quality and Potential Applications. Chemistry Africa. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42250-020-00119-6
• Adeniyi, A. G., Onifade, D. V., Ighalo, J. O. and Adeoye, A. S. (2019b). A review of coir fiber reinforced polymer composites. Composites Part B: Engineering, 176, 107305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2019.107305
• Ashouri, R., Ghasemipoor, P., Rasekh, B., Yazdian, F. and Mofradnia, S. (2019). The effect of ZnO-based carbonaceous materials for degradation of benzoic pollutants: A review. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 16, 1729-1740. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-018-2056-5
• Azwa, Z. and Yousif, B. (2019). Physical and mechanical properties of bamboo fibre/polyester composites subjected to moisture and hygrothermal conditions. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part L: Journal of Materials: Design and Applications, 233, 1065-1079. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464420717704221
• Babatunde, E. O., Akolo, S. A., Ighalo, J. O. and Kovo, A. S. (2019). Response Surface Optimisation of the Adsorption of Cu (II) from Aqueous Solution by Crab Shell Chitosan. Paper presented at the 3rd International Engineering Conference, Minna, Nigeria,
• Bahadori, A. and Smith, S. T. (2016). Dictionary of environmental engineering and wastewater treatment. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26261-1_1
• Bowers, D. and Binding, C. (2006). The optical properties of mineral suspended particles: A review and synthesis. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 67, 219-230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2005.11.010
• Boyd, C. E., Tucker, C. S. and Viriyatum, R. (2011). Interpretation of pH, acidity, and alkalinity in aquaculture and fisheries. North American Journal of Aquaculture, 73, 403-408. https://doi.org/10.1080/15222055.2011.620861
• Darajeh, N., Idris, A., Masoumi, H. R. F., Nourani, A., Truong, P. and Sairi, N. A. (2016). Modeling BOD and COD removal from Palm Oil Mill Secondary Effluent in floating wetland by Chrysopogon zizanioides (L.) using response surface methodology. Journal of Environmental Management, 181, 343-352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.06.060
• Devi, R., Singh, V. and Kumar, A. (2008). COD and BOD reduction from coffee processing wastewater using Avacado peel carbon. Bioresource Technology, 99, 1853-1860. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2007.03.039
• Dizge, N., Tansel, B. and Sizirici, B. (2011). Process intensification with a hybrid system: A tubular packed bed bioreactor with immobilized activated sludge culture coupled with membrane filtration. Chemical Engineering and Processing: Process Intensification, 50, 766-772. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cep.2011.06.007
• Eletta, O. A. A., Adeniyi, A. G., Ighalo, J. O., Onifade, D. V. and Ayandele, F. O. (2020). Valorisation of Cocoa (Theobroma cacao) Pod Husk as Precursors for the Production of Adsorbents for Water Treatment. Environmental Technology Reviews, 9, 20-36. https://doi.org/10.1080/21622515.2020.1730983
• Ghasemi, M., Keshtkar, A. R., Dabbagh, R. and Safdari, S. J. (2011). Biosorption of uranium in a continuous flow packed bed column using cystoseira indica biomass. Iran J Environ Health Sci Eng, 8, 65-74.
• Ghasemipour, P., Fattahi, M., Rasekh, B. and Yazdian, F. (2020). Developing the Ternary ZnO Doped MoS 2 Nanostructures Grafted on CNT and Reduced Graphene Oxide (RGO) for Photocatalytic Degradation of Aniline. Scientific Reports, 10, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-61367-7
• Gorde, S. and Jadhav, M. (2013). Assessment of water quality parameters: a review. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications, 3, 2029-2035.
• Hami, M. L., Al-Hashimi, M. and Al-Doori, M. (2007). Effect of activated carbon on BOD and COD removal in a dissolved air flotation unit treating refinery wastewater. Desalination, 216, 116-122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2007.01.003
• Ighalo, J. O. and Adeniyi, A. G. (2020a). Adsorption of Pollutants by Plant Bark Derived Adsorbents: An Empirical Review. Journal of Water Process Engineering, 35, 101228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2020.101228
• Ighalo, J. O. and Adeniyi, A. G. (2020c). Mitigation of Diclofenac Pollution in Aqueous Media by Adsorption. ChemBioEng Reviews, 7, 50-64. https://doi.org/10.1002/cben.201900020
• Ighalo, J.O. and Adeniyi, A. G. (2020b). A Mini-Review of the Morphological Properties of Biosorbents Derived from Plant Leaves. SN Applied Sciences, 2, 509. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-020-2335-x
• Irfan, M., Butt, T., Imtiaz, N., Abbas, N., Khan, R. A. and Shafique, A. (2017). The removal of COD, TSS and colour of black liquor by coagulation–flocculation process at optimized pH, settling and dosing rate. Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 10, S2307-S2318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2013.08.007
• Kamaruddin, M. A., Ibrahim, M. H., Thung, L. M., Emmanuel, M. I., Niza, N. M., Shadi, A. M. H. and Norashiddin, F. A. (2019). Sustainable synthesis of pectinolytic enzymes from citrus and Musa acuminata peels for biochemical oxygen demand and grease removal by batch protocol. Applied Water Science, 9, 68. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-019-0948-2
• Mittal, M. and Chaudhary, R. (2018). Experimental study on the water absorption and surface characteristics of alkali treated pineapple leaf fiber and coconut husk fiber. Int J Appl Eng Res, 13, 12237-12243.
• Mohanta, N. and Acharya, S. (2016). Fiber surface treatment: Its effect on structural, thermal, and mechanical properties of Luffa cylindrica fiber and its composite. Journal of Composite Materials, 50, 3117-3131. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021998315615654
• Ntwampe, I., Jewell, L. L. and Glasser, D. (2014). Treatment of Paint Wastewater Using Inorganic Coagulants (A thesis submitted for PhD).
• Oboh, I. and Aluyor, E. (2009). Luffa cylindrica-an emerging cash crop. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 4, 684-688.
• Oboh, I., Aluyor, E. and Audu, T. (2009). Post-treatment of Produced water before discharge using Luffa cylindrica. Leonardo Electronic Journal of Practices and Technologies, 7(14).
• Payan, A., Fattahi, M. and Roozbehani, B. (2018a). Synthesis, characterization and evaluations of TiO 2 nanostructures prepared from different titania precursors for photocatalytic degradation of 4-chlorophenol in aqueous solution. Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering, 16, 41-54. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40201-018-0295-5
• Payan, A., Fattahi, M., Roozbehani, B. and Jorfi, S. (2018b). Enhancing Photocatalytic Activity of Nitrogen Doped TiO2 for Degradation of 4-Chlorophenol under Solar Light Irradiation. Iranian Journal of Chemical Engineering (IJChE), 15, 3-14.
• Rahmah, A. U. and Abdullah, M. A. (2011). Evaluation of Malaysian Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn. for oily water filtration using factorial design. Desalination, 266, 51-55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2010.08.001
• Razak, A. A. M. (2010). Design Criteria of Biofilter System as Treatment for Domestic Wastewater (Bachelor Thesis). UMP.
• Saravanakumar, K. and Kumar, R. R. (2011). Analysis of water quality parameters of groundwater near Ambattur industrial area, Tamil Nadu, India. Indian Journal of Science and Technology, 4, 660-662.
• Shi, X., Huang, S., Yeap, T. S., Ong, S. L. and Ng, H. Y. (2020). A method to eliminate bromide interference on standard COD test for bromide-rich industrial wastewater. Chemosphere, 240, 124804. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124804
• Shojaie, A., Fattahi, M., Jorfi, S. and Ghasemi, B. (2018). Synthesis and evaluations of Fe 3 O 4–TiO 2–Ag nanocomposites for photocatalytic degradation of 4-chlorophenol (4-CP): effect of Ag and Fe compositions. International Journal of Industrial Chemistry, 9, 141-151. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40090-018-0145-4
• Simate, G. S. and Ndlovu, S. (2015). The removal of heavy metals in a packed bed column using immobilized cassava peel waste biomass. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 21, 635-643. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2014.03.031
• Singh, M. R. and Gupta, A. (2017). Water pollution-sources, effects and control. Pointer Publishers Jaipur.
• Sooksawat, N., Meetam, M., Kruatrachue, M., Pokethitiyook, P. and Inthorn, D. (2017). Performance of packed bed column using Chara aculeolata biomass for removal of Pb and Cd ions from wastewater. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 52, 539-546. https://doi.org/10.1080/10934529.2017.1282774
• Srinivasan, A., Viraraghavan, T. and Ng, K. (2012). Coalescence/filtration of an oil-in-water emulsion in an immobilized Mucor rouxii biomass bed. Separation Science and Technology, 47, 2241-2249.
• Tang, C. Y., Fu, Q. S., Gao, D., Criddle, C. S. and Leckie, J. O. (2010). Effect of solution chemistry on the adsorption of perfluorooctane sulfonate onto mineral surfaces. Water Research, 44, 2654-2662. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2010.01.038
• Teodosiu, C. C., Kennedy, M. D., Van Straten, H. A. and Schippers, J. C. (1999). Evaluation of secondary refinery effluent treatment using ultrafiltration membranes. Water Research, 33, 2172-2180. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(98)00433-3
• UNESCO. (2017). WWAP (United Nations World Water Assessment Programme). 2017. Wastewater: The Untapped Resource. Paris, UNESCO.
• WHO. (2003). Background document for preparation of WHO Guidelines for drinking-water quality. World Health Organization. Geneva.
• Yahaya, R., Sapuan, S., Jawaid, M., Leman, Z. and Zainudin, E. (2015). Effect of layering sequence and chemical treatment on the mechanical properties of woven kenaf–aramid hybrid laminated composites. Materials & Design, 67, 173-179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2014.11.024

This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.